Intra-Generational Mobility and Social Inequality: Does Immigration Play a Role?

下一篇：代际流动和社会不平等：移民是否发挥作用？机构名称：美国约翰霍普金斯大学NSF项目：社会学主要研究者：郝凌新摘要：近几十年来，移民流动的增加引起了重要的人口变化。 美国移民的组成现在大多是西班牙裔，所有移民中有很大一部分教育水平较低。 这些人口变化可能会对美国社会产生深远的影响。 拟议的研究探讨了大都市地区移民构成的变化是否会影响经济不平等和流动性。 三个假设来自社会学和经济学关于劳动力市场结果的理论。 首先，大量教育水平低的新移民最有可能取代西班牙裔工人。 反过来，西班牙裔工人的流离失所和工资流动性的相应下降增加了社会的收入不平等。 其次，教育水平很低和缺乏英语能力导致具有这些特征的移民的工资和收入停滞;因此，受教育程度低和英语技能差的新移民的比例更高，导致收入不平等加剧。 第三，拥有外国大学学位或西班牙裔或非白人等特征对工资和收入流动性有负面影响，因此具有这些特征的移民比例增加了收入不平等。这项研究使用了收入和计划参与调查（SIPP）和美国人口普查的数据。 SIPP提供有关个人移民、就业和教育历史的信息，以及有关工作活动、工资和收入的48个月预期数据。 1990年和2000年的人口普查提供了衡量大都市地区移民构成的数据。 流动性分析涉及大都市居住区范围内的个人/家庭轨迹。 48个月期间的工作转移轨迹和工资/收入增长取决于个人/家庭因素以及个人/家庭居住的大都市地区的移民人口特征。 多层次的过渡和增长模型是适合这种多层次的现象。 不平等分析涉及全面收入分配，而不仅仅是平均数或中位数。 移民人口组成可能在中位数以外的位置产生不同的影响，例如第一四分位数与第三四分位数或下尾与上尾。 分位数回归模型进行全分布分析，捕捉移民人口组成变化引起的分布形状变化。这项研究的学术价值来自于其对分层，不平等和移民文献的实质性和方法论贡献。 虽然过去的大多数研究都集中在对工作转移的快照分析上，但本研究更进一步，提供了对工作转移以及工资和收入流动性的纵向分析。 本研究的方法涉及流动性的多层次特征和不平等的全面分布特征，允许流动性和不平等之间的联系。 最后，通过研究1996-1999年来自SIPP的全国代表性样本的数据以及1990年和2000年的人口普查，本研究提供了新的发现和及时的政策含义。这项拟议中的研究有四个更广泛的影响：它将（1）促进教学，培训和学习，因为研究结果将融入我的两门移民课程和我的博士建议。论文候选人，并通过列入博士学位。研究小组的研究生;（2）向马里兰州新美国人办公室传播研究结果，该办公室是一个帮助移民定居并促进移民经济、公民和政治参与的州机构;（3）允许我在多学科和从业者会议上介绍研究结果，在社会学期刊上发表，并通过新闻媒体传播研究结果;以及（4）为政策制定者和公众提供有关正在进行的移民辩论的信息。

Title: Intragenerational Mobility and Social Inequality: Does Immigration Play a Role?Institution: Johns Hopkins UniversityNSF program: SociologyPrinciple investigator: Lingxin HaoAbstract:In recent decades, increasing immigrant flows have given rise to important population changes. The composition of U.S. immigrants is now majority Hispanic and a large proportion of all immigrants have low education levels. These population changes could have profound effects on American society. The proposed study examines whether the variations in immigrant composition across metropolitan areas shape economic inequality and mobility. Three hypotheses are derived from sociological and economic theories on labor market outcomes. First, large numbers of new immigrants with low education levels are most likely to displace Hispanic workers. In turn, the displacement and corresponding decrease in wage mobility among Hispanic workers increase society's income inequality. Second, very low levels of education and a lack of English proficiency cause wage and income stagnation among immigrants with these traits; therefore, a greater percentage of recent immigrants with little education and poor English skills contributes to greater income inequality. Third, characteristics such as having a foreign college degree or being Hispanic or non-white have negative effects on wage and income mobility, so larger percentages of immigrants with these traits increase income inequality. The proposed study uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the U.S. Census. The SIPP provides information on individuals' histories of migration, employment and education as well as 48 months of prospective data on work activities, wages, and income. The 1990 and 2000 censuses provide data to measure immigrant composition in metropolitan areas. The mobility analyses address individual/household trajectories in the context of metropolitan areas of residence. Job displacement trajectories and wage/income growth during a 48-month period are determined by individual/household factors and immigrant population characteristics in the metropolitan area where the individual/household resides. Multi-level transition and growth models are appropriate for this multi-level phenomenon. The inequality analyses address the full income distribution rather than just the mean or median. Immigrant population composition may have a different impact at positions other than the median, such as at the first quartile vs. the third quartile or the lower tail vs. the upper tail. Quantile regression models perform full-distribution analysis, capturing the shape change in the distribution caused by variations in immigrant population composition. The study's intellectual merit comes through its substantive and methodological contributions to the literature on stratification, inequality, and immigration. While most past research has focused on snapshot analyses of job displacement, this study goes further, providing a longitudinal analysis of job displacement as well as wage and income mobility. This study's methods address the multi-level features of mobility and the full distributional features of inequality, allowing a linkage between mobility and inequality. Finally, by looking at the 1996-1999 data from the SIPP's nationally representative sample and at the 1990 and 2000 censuses, this study provides fresh findings and timely policy implications. The proposed study has four broader impacts: it will (1) promote teaching, training and learning as the findings will be integrated into my two courses on immigration and into my advising of Ph.D. dissertation candidates, and through the inclusion of a Ph.D. graduate student in the research team; (2) disseminate findings to the Maryland Office for New Americans, a state agency assisting immigrants' settlement and promoting immigrants' economic, civil and political participation; (3) allow me to present findings at multi-disciplinary and practitioner conferences, publish in sociological journals, and disseminate findings through news media; and (4) provide information for policy makers and the public regarding the ongoing debate over immigration.