Immigration, Education, and Wages in the U.S.

20世纪70年代以来，美国工人面临着工资不平等加剧、工资两极分化加剧的局面，表现为下尾停滞、上尾增长。特别是，受过大学教育的工人在相同的正规教育和工作经验水平上的回报差异很大。1990年的移民法旨在引进一些专业领域的技术移民，以填补已确定的劳动力短缺。这一政策转变，加上信息和通信技术革命，导致外国出生的熟练劳动力比例不断上升，在某些研究领域，外国出生的学生比例过高。尽管研究兴趣日益浓厚，但人们对移民和专业化人力资本对工资不平等加剧的影响知之甚少。本研究的重点是整个受过大学教育的人口，试图同时评估技术和移民对受过大学教育的人口的工资分配的影响，从1993年和2003年全国大学毕业生调查（NSCG）中提取数据。这项研究的学术价值来自于它在实质性和方法论上的贡献。首先，提出了一种基于理论的专业人力资本分类方案，以研究领域为定义，对大学毕业生的技能进行概念化。其次，本研究利用全国所有受过大学教育的劳动力数据的两个大截面，对20世纪80年代和90年代的新技术工人进行队列间分析，以确定信息通信技术创新与扩散和技术移民政策转变的影响。第三，研究考察了1980年以前进入熟练劳动力的工人的队列演变，以检验信息通信技术和移民政策如何区分不同技能群体的工资增长。最后，采用基于模型的分位数回归和分位数回归分解方法，量化了技术和政策变化对大学生工资不平等和两极分化的影响。更广泛的影响。本研究所产生的知识将对移民、科技劳动力和社会不平等的文献做出重大贡献。研究结果将有效地影响实质性社会学课程和方法论课程的课程改革，从而架起研究和教学的桥梁。该项目将培训和指导研究生和本科生。预计将有两名博士生加入研究团队，在他们的培训中，主要专注于移民和不平等问题。更一般地说，关于专业化人力资本的研究结果将增强我们对哪些技能组合在日益技术驱动和全球化的社会中得到奖励的理解

Since the 1970s American workers have faced rising wage inequality and increasing wage polarization, featuring stagnation at the lower tail and growth at the upper tail. In particular, college-educated workers have experienced a large variation in returns to the same level of formal education and work experience. The 1990 Immigration Act aimed to bring in skilled immigrants in some specialty fields to fill the identified labor shortage. This policy shift, coupled with Information and Communication Technology revolution, led to a growing foreign-born share of skilled labor and an overrepresentation of the foreign born in selected fields of study. Despite growing research interest very little is known about the impact of immigration and specialized human capital on rising wage inequality. This study focuses on the whole college-educated population, in an effort to assess simultaneously the impact of technology and immigration on the wage distribution of the college-educated population, drawing data from the 1993 and 2003 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG). The study's intellectual merit comes through its substantive and methodological contributions. First, it develops a theory-based classification scheme for specialized human capital, defined as field of study, to conceptualize the skills among the college-educated. Second, the research apitalizes on the two large cross-sections of national data on all college-educated labor force to perform inter-cohort analysis between new skilled workers in the 1980s and those in the 1990s to identify the effect of ICT innovation vs. diffusion and skilled immigration policy shift. Third, the study examines the cohort evolution of workers who entered the skilled labor before 1980 to examine how ICT and immigration policy differentiate wage growth of different skill groups. Finally, the investigators quantify how technological and policy changes influence the wage inequality and polarization of the college population using the model-based method of quantile regression and quantile regression decomposition. Broader Impacts. The knowledge generated in this study will make substantial contribution to the literature on immigration, science and technology workforce and social inequality. Findings will bridge research and teaching by effectively impacting curriculum change in both substantive sociology courses and methodology courses. This project will train and mentor graduate and undergraduate students. Two doctoral students are expected to join the research team, in their training to achieve primary concentrations in immigration and inequality. More generally, findings on the specialized human capital will enhance our understanding oft which skill sets are rewarded in the increasingly technology-driven and globalized society