Administrative Technologies and the Governance of Agrarian Reform: Liberal Modernization of the Polish Cadastral Infrastructure

这一为期三年的研究项目是一项为期七年的地籍基础设施治理与波兰因欧洲联盟(欧盟)扩张而进行的土地改革的研究的一部分。通过地籍基础设施对土地改革的治理发现，政府的政策和公民社会的做法之间存在矛盾，这种矛盾源于18世纪波兰的分裂，并因战争、占领、人口流离失所和共产主义计划经济而加剧。欧盟推动的自由主义土地改革和地籍基础设施现代化的持续进程涉及通过遇到这种紧张局势的行政技术建立领土霸权同意。在波兰的农村地区，财产所有权的模糊程度从3%到40%不等，对正式土地保有权的模棱两可表明，公民和政治社会的紧张程度仍在继续。波兰政府一直在寻求使地籍基础设施现代化，但自20世纪90年代中期以来，使地籍现代化的提议在波兰议会受阻。通过农业包裹登记来控制补贴申请，欧盟向政府提供了一种可能绕过政治僵局的技术解决方案。这一登记与现有土地地籍之间的差异被提供给波兰的县(POWIAT)管理部门，但地籍土地登记的更新仅仅是地方决定。这项研究的目标是确定人、技术和机构如何在面对公民和政治社会紧张局势时创造和维持治理和同意。比较波兰地方政府在土地改革过程中的活动，可以看出治理的多变性和行政技术的不同作用。地籍测绘的历史研究表明，地籍是领土治理的关键部分。这项研究将审查当代地籍基础设施，重点是领土治理是如何发展的。工作假设是，地籍基础设施的治理取决于在非正式土地保有权制度和正式土地地籍之间发展足够的地方“灵活性”，以及相应地在公民社会和政治社会之间建立“灵活的”、根据规模而定的霸权同意。波兰县行政当局更新地籍是政府对土地改革的一项重要干预。这项研究扩展了Verdery的宗地弹性概念，以考虑地籍基础设施的多重作用。边界物体的科学和技术研究概念考虑到人、机构和技术之间的互动和灵活性；地籍基础设施中的这些物体对于创造和维持霸权同意至关重要。这项研究将依靠为在三年期间进行比较研究而开发的解释性人种学方法。波兰高等教育机构的研究生将对六个县的政府官员和农民进行1000多次采访。美国学生也将参加访谈，调查人员将在特定地区进行为期两年的参与性观察研究。这项研究将为美国和波兰的地理、地理信息科学、区域研究、科学和技术研究以及研究生教育做出贡献。研究结果将为解决制约农业现代化和农村可持续发展的地籍记录中的模棱两可和不一致之处的政策提供参考。该项目将积极吸收波兰和美国的研究生和本科生以及科学家参与，包括参与土著研究的少数族裔学生。

This three-year research project is part of a seven-year study of cadastral infrastructure governance in relationship to Polish agrarian reform resulting from European Union (EU) expansion. The governance of agrarian reform through the cadastral infrastructure finds itself in tension between government policies and practices of civil society that arose in the 18th century partitions of Poland and was exacerbated by wars, occupations, population displacements, and the Communist planned economy. The ongoing process of EU-promoted liberal agrarian reform and cadastral infrastructure modernization involves the establishment of territorial hegemonic consent through administrative technologies that encounters this tension. With unclear property ownership ranging from 3 percent to 40 percent in rural areas of Poland, the ambiguity about formal land tenure signals the continuing degree of civil and political society tension. The Polish government has sought to modernize the cadastral infrastructure, but since the mid-1990s, proposals to modernize the cadastre have been stymied in Polish parliament. Through an agricultural parcel registry to control subsidy applications, the EU offers the administration a technological solution that may circumvent the political impasse. Discrepancies between this registry and the existing land cadastre are provided to county (powiat) administrations in Poland, but the updating of the cadastral land registry is solely a local decision. The objective of this research is to establish how people, technologies, and institutions create and maintain governance and consent in the face of civil and political society tensions. Comparing Polish local government activities during the process of agrarian reform sheds light on the variability of governance and different roles of administrative technologies.Historical studies of cadastral mapping show that the cadastre is a key part of territorial governance. This research will examine contemporary cadastral infrastructure focusing on how territorial governance develops. The working hypothesis is that the governmentality of the cadastral infrastructure hinges on the development of sufficient local "flexibility" between informal land tenure regimes and formal land cadastre and the corresponding establishment of "flexible," scale-contingent hegemonic consent between civil and political society. The updating of land cadastres by Polish county administrations constitutes a key government intervention in agrarian reform. This research extends Verdery's parcel elasticity concept to consider the multiple roles of the cadastral infrastructure. The science and technology studies concept of boundary objects takes into account the interactions and flexibility between people, institutions, and technologies; these objects in the cadastral infrastructure are essential to creating and maintaining hegemonic consent. The research will rely on interpretative ethnographic methods developed for comparative research over a three-year period. Graduate students at Polish higher education institutes will conduct more than 1,000 interviews with government officials and farmers in six counties. U.S. students will also take part in the interviews, and the investigators will conduct two years of participant observation research in a specific locality.This research will contributes to geography, geographic information science, area studies, science and technology studies, and graduate student education in the U.S. and Poland. The results of the research will inform policy concerning the resolution of ambiguities and discrepancies in cadastral records that constrain agricultural modernization and sustainable rural development. The project will actively involve Polish and U.S. graduate and undergraduate students and scientists, including minority students involved in indigenous studies.