Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Landscape, Memory, and Society: An Ethnohistoric-Archaeological Study of Three Hawaiian Communities

在Patrick V. Kirch博士的指导下，Mark D. McCoy将分析他在夏威夷Moloka'i岛Kalaupapa半岛遗址考古发掘期间收集的材料。卡拉劳帕帕半岛被悬崖自然隔离，今天因其在公元1866年建立的麻风病定居点而闻名。公元12世纪，夏威夷原住民在半岛上建立了几个社区，这些社区后来被整合到更大的政治体系中，最著名的是以岛屿北岸为中心的科奥劳部落。对考古学家来说幸运的是，这个地区没有受到重大的现代开发，是保存完好的农田、房屋地基和一系列寺庙和神社的所在地。通过对当地口头传统和考古实地调查的分析，该项目将确定定居和农业发展的历史轨迹，以及更大的Ko'olau部落的兴衰。本研究特别关注景观、社会记忆和社会发展之间的关系，以此作为更好地理解复杂的等级社会演变的一个途径。这种整体方法的目的是发展一种成熟的夏威夷社会发展模式，考虑到内部社会政治动态和岛屿生态。这个项目的结果将有助于历史人类学的发展，以控制比较为中心，用于引出人类历史上的大型结构。在项目的第一阶段，通过考古和环境研究对Kalaupapa田野系统进行了调查。密集的调查、测试挖掘和AMS放射性碳测年对房屋遗址和农田的材料做出了贡献，勾勒出了该系统的发展年表。同时进行的一项土壤养分分析记录了与集约化农业有关的风沙侵蚀增加的有害影响。此外，口头传统被用来界定当地传统历史或社会记忆的发展。该项目的最终目标是定义一个仪式建筑的建造年表；通过石器人工制品分析描述资源的相互作用和差异获取；并将数据集成到地理信息系统（GIS）模型中——将使我们能够将实地系统的起源和发展与目前仅从口头传统中了解的当地社会政治历史联系起来。本文对Kalaupapa Field System的起源和Ko'olau政体的兴起进行了考察，采用了几种对夏威夷考古学和民族史来说新颖的方法。该项目将是Moloka'i岛上第一个进行以下工作的项目：(1)用放射性碳测定大量不同的仪式结构，(2)广泛测试普通内婚制和通过石器采购不平等获取资源的民族历史模型，以及(3)应用地理信息系统技术模拟景观变化。在地方层面，该项目通过公共宣传和与非营利组织Ka 'Ohana o Kalaupapa合作，建立了与社区的沟通网络。此外，实地和实验室研究有助于培养夏威夷考古实践方面的本科生。

Under the supervision of Dr. Patrick V. Kirch, Mark D. McCoy will analyze material gathered during his archaeological excavations at sites on the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i. The Kalaupapa Peninsula, naturally isolated by cliffs, is today famous for its Hansen's disease (leprosy) settlement founded in A.D. 1866. In the 12th century A.D., Native Hawaiians established several communities on the peninsula that were later integrated into larger polities, most notably the Ko'olau chiefdom centered on the island's north shore. Fortunately for archaeologists, this area has escaped major modern development and is home to preserved agricultural fields, house foundations, and a range of temples and shrines. Using an analysis of local oral traditions and archaeological fieldwork, this project will define historical trajectories of settlement and agricultural development as well as the rise and fall of the larger Ko'olau chiefdom. This research focuses specifically on the relationship between landscape, social memory, and social development as one avenue to better understand the evolution of complex, hierarchical society. This holistic approach is aimed at developing a mature model of Hawaiian social development that accounts for internal socio-political dynamics as well as island ecology. The results of this project will contribute to the development of an historical anthropology centered on controlled comparisons used to elicit large structures in human history. In the project's first stage, the Kalaupapa Field System was investigated through archaeological and environmental studies. Intensive survey, test excavations, and AMS radiocarbon dates on material from house sites and agricultural plots contributed to outlining the system's developmental chronology. A concurrent soil nutrient analysis has documented the detrimental effect of increased aeolian erosion linked to intensive agriculture. In addition, oral traditions were used to define the development of local traditional history, or social memory. The project's final objectives - to define a ritual architecture construction chronology; to describe interaction and differential access to resources through lithic artifact analysis; and to integrate data into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model - will allow us to link the origins and development of the field system to local socio-political history currently only known from oral traditions. This examination of the origins of the Kalaupapa Field System and the rise of the Ko'olau polity employs several approaches novel to Hawaiian archaeology and ethnohistory. The project will be the first on Moloka'i Island to (i) radiocarbon date a large, diverse group of ritual structures, (ii) extensively test ethnohistoric models of commoner endogamy and unequal access to resources through lithic sourcing, and (iii) apply Geographic Information System technology to model landscape change. On the local scale, the project builds communication networks with communities through public outreach and working with the non-profit group Ka 'Ohana o Kalaupapa. In addition, field and laboratory research aids in the training of undergraduate students in the practice of Hawaiian archaeology.