Doctoral Dissertation Research: Sovereign Exclusions and States of Exception: US Immigration and Refugee Policy Towards Haiti

这个项目试图通过讲述古巴关塔那摩湾海军基地海地拘留营的近期历史，来探索民族国家主权和排斥做法之间的关系。1990年代初在关塔那摩建立这些营地(后来拆除)为维持主权民族国家边界的治安提供了一个独特的窗口，主要原因有两个。首先，难民营制度化的逻辑依赖于创造一个超越民族国家法律制度但受制于民族国家权威的空间，允许一种不受宪法限制的干预模式。其次，在关塔那摩建造的众多营地中，有一个是世界上第一个艾滋病毒埋葬营地。在关塔那摩的异常区建立这个隔离营，并对其居民进行长期拘留，表明人们越来越关注保护美国公民免受被认为患病的人群的伤害。关塔那摩监狱的法律外地位与难民营中患病的海地人的治安和排斥交汇在一起，使其成为了解新形式的主权和边境监管的关键地点。通过媒体分析、档案研究和收集难民营幸存者、工作人员和访客的口述历史，这项研究将涉及以下一般性问题。美国政府在设计这种不受法律保护的例外情况时部署了哪些战术法律策略？这种排斥策略与旨在加强主权边界的监管做法有何关系？这些做法被认为是疾病传播机构对健康、规范公众的潜在渗透。这种主权排除在关塔那摩海军基地对非规范主体的限制产生了什么样的经验、主观性和做法？最后，这种“例外状态”的产生在多大程度上是主权国家的特征？为了解决上述问题，这个项目将有助于当前人类学、法学、社会学和政治哲学中关于主权、“例外状态”和法治之间关系的辩论。通过研究美国在关塔那摩湾海军基地拘留海地人的具体案例，这项研究将揭示排斥政策以及此类政策在主权干预地点(如边境、难民营、拘留设施)产生的具体监管做法。通过这样做，这项研究试图更好地了解美国对海地的移民和难民政策的历史，以及当代法律、公共卫生和警务在更广泛地行使主权权力方面的交叉。通过对法制化例外空间和边境治安做法的影响进行丰富的民族志历史调查，这个跨学科的项目将阐明民族国家试图孤立和控制主权领土边境上的混乱的方式。它依赖于个人的叙述，他们的故事通常是国家监管控制和排除的目标。通过关注被排斥者的经历，并以详细的法律和政治历史为框架，这项研究将突出移民和难民政策决定的后果，这些决定依赖于撤销对特定空间和人口的法律保护。

AbstractThis project seeks to explore the relationship between nation-state sovereignty and practices of exclusion by addressing the recent history of Haitian detention camps on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba. The establishment of these camps on Guantanamo in the early 1990s (and their later dismantling) provides a unique window into the policing of sovereign nation-state borders for two primary reasons. First, the logic underlying the institutionalization of the camps relied on the creation of a space beyond nation-state legal regimes but subject to nation-state authority, permitting a mode of intervention unhindered by constitutional constraints. Second, among the many camps constructed on Guantanamo was the world's first HIV interment camp. The establishment of this quarantine camp in the anomalouszone of Guantanamo and the prolonged detention of itsresidents signaled a growing concern with protecting U.S.citizenries from what were perceived to be diseased populations. The intersection of Guantanamo's extra-legal status and the policing and exclusion of diseased Haitians in the camps make it a key site for understanding new forms of sovereign power and border regulation.Through media analysis, archival research, and collection of oral histories of camp survivors, staff, and visitors, this study will engage the following general questions. What were the tactical legal maneuvers that the U.S. government deployed in engineering this spatialization of exception from legal protections? How were such tactics of exclusion related to regulatory practices designed to fortify sovereign borders against what was perceived to be a potential infiltration of a healthy, normative public by disease-bearing bodies? What kind of experiences, subjectivities, and practices did such sovereign exclusions produce in the confinement of nonnormative subjects in the Guantanamo Naval Base? And finally, to what extent is the production of such "states of exception" a feature of sovereign power generally?In grappling with the aforementioned questions, this project will contribute to current debates in anthropology, law, sociology, and political philosophy on the relation between sovereignty, "states of exception," and the rule of law. By examining the specific case of U.S. detention of Haitians on the Guantanamo Bay Naval base, the research will shed light on policies of exclusion and the concrete regulatory practices that such policies engender at sites of sovereign intervention, e.g., borders, refugee camps, detention facilities. In so doing, this study attempts to better understand the history of U.S. immigration and refugee policy towards Haiti specifically and the contemporary intersection of law, public health, and policing in performing sovereign power more generally.Through an ethnographically rich historical investigation into the effects of legally institutionalized spaces of exception and border policing practices, this interdisciplinary project will illuminate the ways in which nation-states attempt to isolate and control disorder at the frontiers of sovereign territory. It relies on the narratives of individuals whose stories are normally the targets of state regulatory control and exclusion. By focusing on the experiences of the excluded and framing them in terms of detailed legal and political histories, the study will highlight the consequences of immigration and refugee policy decisions that rely on the retraction of legal protections from particular spaces and populations.