Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Role of Foddering in Emergent Animal Husbandry Practices

Cheryl Makarewicz正在进行研究，以确定黎凡特南部山羊驯化的模式、路径和速度。黎凡特是地中海的一部分。肥沃月湾吗?中东地区，是最早广泛驯养绵羊和山羊的地区。这个项目由诺琳·特罗斯教授指导。具体而言，饲料供应在新兴山羊养殖实践中的作用以及饲料对山羊驯化的贡献正在进行研究。几千年来，家山羊一直是世界各地自给经济的主要组成部分。这些动物的驯化极大地改变了人类群体的生存基础，最初是通过提供容易获得、可靠的肉类来源，后来是通过提供牛奶和羊毛等次要产品。利用从中东最早的一些农业村庄（公元前8500年至公元前6500年）找到的山羊骨骼材料，Makarewicz采用了一种新颖的方法，通过对骨胶原的稳定同位素分析来确定饲料的做法。在更精细的范围内，本项目考察了个别圈养山羊和部分小牛群的饲料供应，并继续探索在整个牛群中实施的系统饲料供应。根据动物的性别和年龄，牧民可能会根据其短期和长期的生存目标和群体维持策略，对不同年龄和性别的动物采用不同的饲养方法，因此还探讨了在站点内根据动物的性别和性别进行饲养的差异。与其他技术不同，稳定同位素分析可以直接记录人类对单个动物的行为。这为理解畜牧业作为一种最终导致驯化的生存方式在发展中的作用和个体人类行为的变化开辟了新的途径。这项研究还将阐明山羊饲养实践（如饲料）与该地区更大的社会和文化发展之间的关系。公元前8500年到6500年之间的时期，也被称为？新石器时代革命?这是西亚文化、社会和经济发生巨大变化的时期，当时建立了第一批大型农业村庄，使用了精心设计的符号和殡葬系统，社会分化出现了。这项研究提供了一个独特的机会来研究畜牧业实践的演变，如饲料，如何促进这一充满活力的文化和经济环境的发展。

Cheryl Makarewicz is conducting research to determine the mode, path and tempo of goat domestication in the southern Levant. The Levant is part of the ?fertile crescent? of the Middle East, a region that saw the earliest widespread domestication of caprines (sheep and goats). The project is supervised by Professor Noreen Tuross. Specifically, the role of fodder provisioning in emergent goat husbandry practices and the contribution that foddering made to goat domestication is being examined. The domestic goat has been a major component of subsistence economies around the world for many thousands of years. The domestication of these animals drastically changed the subsistence base of human groups, initially by providing a readily accessible, reliable source of meat and later, by providing secondary products such as milk and wool. Using goat skeletal material recovered from some of the very first agricultural villages in the Middle East (c. 8500 to 6500 B.C.E.), Makarewicz uses a novel approach to identifying foddering practices through stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. At a finer scale, this project examines fodder provisioning of individual captive goats and portions of small herds and goes onto explore systematic fodder provisioning practiced on entire herds. Variation in foddering practices on an intra-site basis according to the sex and age of the animal is also explored, as herders may employ different foddering practices for animals of different ages and sex depending upon their short and long-term subsistence goals and herd maintenance strategies. Unlike other techniques, stable isotope analysis allows for direct documentation of human practice on individual animals. This opens a new ways of understanding the role and variation of individual human action in developing animal husbandry as a mode of subsistence that eventually led to domestication. This research will also articulate the relationship between goat husbandry practices such as foddering with greater social and cultural developments in the region. The period between 8, 500 and 6,500 BCE, also know as the ?Neolithic Revolution?, was a period of dramatic cultural, social, and economic change in Western Asia when the first large agricultural villages were built, elaborate symbolic and mortuary systems were used, and social differentiation emerged. This research provides a unique opportunity to examine how evolution of animal husbandry practices, such as foddering, contributed to the development of this dynamic cultural and economic setting.