Collaborative Research: Southern Ocean Air-Sea CO2 Exchange

在这个项目中，哥伦比亚大学和康涅狄格大学的拉蒙多尔蒂地球观测站的科学家将调查南大洋海洋和大气之间的二氧化碳交换，作为多机构GasEx-3实验的一部分。 GasEx-3工艺研究的总体目标是确定气体交换对容易测量的大气和海洋变量的依赖性，并得出适用于所有海洋区域的参数。对GasEx-3的这一特殊贡献的重点将是中等至高风速，在这种情况下，二氧化碳通量可能因波浪破碎而大大增加。例如，早期的GasEx-98研究表明，风速与高于12 m/s的气体传输速度之间存在立方关系。然而，由于缺乏数据，这一关系产生了巨大的误差线和不确定性。南大洋是探索这种环境条件的理想场所，那里持续的大风和风暴盛行。南大洋和其他中高纬度地区是全球海洋大气CO2的主要海洋汇。因此，准确的CO2通量参数化在这些地区是非常重要的全球碳收支的准确估计，气候模式预测，并最终气候变化的预测。该项目将产生一些更广泛的影响，包括教育和外联部分。目前在哥伦比亚大学和巴纳德学院（女子学院）开设的一些课程使学生了解海洋学原理和先进的环境实地方法的应用。调查人员将编制关于全球海洋碳科学问题的重点教学单元，纳入课程。 该项目将为康涅狄格大学的本科生提供正式本科生研究学徒计划（URAP）的独特机会，新生和大三学生将参加活动，在这些活动中他们将获得宝贵的经验，帮助他们做出有关科学和工程职业的决定。 研究人员还希望继续与科学教学研究所（ISIS）合作，这项工作将纳入K-12科学教师的培训中，他们将把他们的研究经验纳入关于南大洋非常有趣的偏远区域生态系统的刺激课程计划中。 他们还将直接通过约翰霍普金斯青年人才中心项目参与K-12学生的充实工作，该项目积极吸引少数民族和妇女参与。

In this project, scientists at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University and the University of Connecticut will investigate the CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere in the Southern Ocean as part of the multi-institutional GasEx-3 Experiment. The overall goal of the GasEx-3 process studies will be to determine the dependence of gas exchange on easily measured atmospheric and oceanic variables and derive parameterizations applicable to all regions of the ocean. The focus of this particular contribution to GasEx-3 will be on moderate to high wind speeds where the CO2 flux may be significantly enhanced by wave breaking. For example, the earlier GasEx-98 study suggested a cubic relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocities above 12 m/s. However, the dearth of data created significant error bars and uncertainty in this relationship. The Southern Ocean is an ideal site to explore this environmental condition where persistent high winds and storms are prevalent. The Southern Ocean and other mid- to high-latitude regions represent the primary oceanic sink of atmospheric CO2 over the global ocean. Consequently, an accurate CO2 flux parameterization in these regions is important for accurate estimates of the global carbon budget, climate model forecasts, and ultimately climate change predictions. This project will have a number of broader impacts including educational and outreach components. Presently at Columbia University and Barnard College (women's college), a number of course offerings expose students to principles of oceanography and applications of advanced environmental field methods. The investigators will develop focused teaching modules on global ocean carbon science problems to be incorporated into curricula. The project will offer unique opportunities for University of Connecticut's undergraduates in a formal Undergraduate Research Apprenticeship Program (URAP) in which freshmen and juniors participate in activities in which they will receive valuable experience that helped them make decisions about careers in science and engineering. The investigators also expect to continue working with the Institute for Science Instruction and Study (ISIS) where this work will be incorporated into the training of K-12 science teachers who will incorporate their research experience into stimulating lesson plans about the very interesting remote regional ecosystem of the Southern Ocean. They will also be involved with K-12 student enrichment directly through the John's Hopkins Center for Talented Youth programs, which actively involves both minority and women participants.