The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations: Years 54-59

OCE-0648016该项目将把百慕大附近海洋水文站（称为S站或Panulirus站）现有的52年系列再延长5年。这些时间序列数据已被许多学科的调查人员广泛用于研究西大西洋数周至数年的波动情况，并在过去10年中产生了100多份出版物。水文站S允许一个双周的环境中的地球化学测量的一部分，更复杂的多学科的水文时间序列站程序，也有助于提供一个更好的理解与中尺度涡动动力学在这个地区的短期变化。从这些数据中可以看出长期变化和十年变化的模式。特别是，更深的海洋（特别是在模式水200- 400米的深度）的长期变暖已被记录在案。然而，在整个52年的时间内，虽然温度和盐度在十年时间尺度上都有显着的趋势，但在地表温度记录中并没有出现类似的长期增加。因此，这些数据表明了在很长一段时间内对整个海洋深度进行采样的重要性，而不仅仅是使用海表温度作为气候变化的代表。事实证明，这些数据是全球海洋监测的一个重要环节，使科学家能够与气候变化建立直接联系。这一时间序列的扩展将进一步推断这些气候相关信号的意义，并进一步了解影响海洋变化的过程。每两周一次的取样周期对于解决各种海洋学过程至关重要，而且这个地点在百慕大以外的独特位置意味着只需一个船日就可以完成每个完整的海洋深度站。除了核心测量外，辅助用户还加强了该站点的测量，为海洋科学界提供了丰富的数据。研究人员建议继续积极开展这种合作。这个时间序列项目的唯一变化是对整个海洋深度（~ 3300米）进行采样，而不是目前的2600米海底深度。这一变化将需要额外的CTD铸件，并将为水样产生另外六个离散深度。新的BBSR船R/V Atlantic Explorer的可用性将使我们能够有效地实施这一变化，而不会对邮轮物流或资金数额产生任何影响。更广泛的影响在过去的5年中，许多学生计划使用水电站S项目作为培训和进行学生实地考察的资源。这种兴趣继续增长，现在有几所大学寻求利用BBSR船R/V大西洋探险家和Hydrostation S计划作为其课程工作的明确部分。该项目将继续并扩展这一促进，并进一步，研究生的组成部分将被添加到这个程序。水电站S巡航也被证明是培训BBSR（过去5年超过15名）和其他机构海洋学技术人员的宝贵资源，这项活动也将继续下去。一日游的另一个优点是，它适合于来自百慕大和国际各地的记者和媒体人员。

OCE-0648016This project will extend the now 52 year long series of the ocean hydrographic station near Bermuda, known as Station S or the Panulirus Station for another 5 years. These time-series data have already been extensively used by investigators in many disciplines to examine fluctuations at periods from weeks to years in the western Atlantic Ocean and producing over 100 publications over the past 10 years. Hydrostation S allows a bi-weekly context for the biogeochemical measurements that are part of the more complex multi-disciplinary Bermude AtlanticTime-series Station program and also helps provide a better understanding of the short term variability associated with mesoscale eddy dynamics in this region. Patterns of long term change and decadal variability have emerged from these data. In particular, long term warming of the deeper ocean (especially at the depth of mode water 200-400m) has been documented. However, a similar long term increase has not occurred in the surface temperature record over the whole 52 year period although there have been significant trends in both temperature and salinity over decadal time scales. Thus these data show the importance of sampling the full ocean depth over very long time periods rather than just using sea surface temperature for proxies of climate change. These data have proven to be an important link in global ocean monitoring and have allowed scientists to establish direct linkages with climate change. The extension of this time series will further deduce the significance of these climate related signals and to further understand processes effecting ocean variability. The bi-weekly sampling periodicity is essential to resolve various oceanographic processes and the unique position of this site off Bermuda means that each full ocean depth station can be accomplished with just one ship day. In addition to the core measurements, ancillary users have enhanced the measurements at this site to provide a rich array of data available to the ocean sciences community. The investigators propose to actively continue this collaboration. The only change to this time-series project is to sample the full ocean depth (~3300m) rather than the current bottom depth of 2600m. This change will require an additional CTD cast and will generate another six discrete depths for water samples. The availability of the new BBSR vessel R/V Atlantic Explorer will allow us to effectively implement this change without any impact on cruise logistics or funding amounts. Broader ImpactsDuring the past 5 years, numerous student programs have used the Hydrostation S project as resource for training and conducting student fieldwork. This interest continues to grow such that there are now have several Universities seeking to make use of the BBSR vessel R/V Atlantic Explorer and the Hydrostation S program as explicit part of their course work. This project will continue and extend this facilitation and further, a graduate student component will be added to this program. Hydrostation S cruises have also proved to be an invaluable resource for training oceanography technicians form BBSR (over 15 in past 5 years) and other institutions and this activity will also continue. Another advantage of the single day cruises is that it lends itself for the inclusion of journalists and media personnel from both Bermuda and international locations.