FOR 1598: From Catchments as Organised Systems to Models based on Dynamic Functional Units - CAOS

在CAOS研究单元的第二阶段，我们将致力于建立一个整体框架，探索空间组织与空间异质性如何控制中等尺度集水区的陆地水和能量循环。“整体”意味着我们通过对景观形成和生物控制过程和结构的一般理解，以及以假设和理论为基础的范例实验学习，将“如何”与“为什么”联系起来。这也意味着将土壤、植被和大气作为耦合系统来处理，而不是不同隔间的线性组合。为了共同努力实现这一目标，我们提出了7个项目，这些项目将在两个总体工作包中密切合作：WP1：将水文相似性与跨尺度景观结构联系起来；寻找合适的集水区模型和组织原则在WP1中，我们将进一步完善现有的分层多方法和多传感器设置，以搜索Attert中的功能实体，如果它们存在，以示范方式学习结构特征控制功能特征。这主要包括识别合适的度量来区分数据的功能和结构相似性，以及识别相当模糊的术语“水文功能”的有用定量描述符。总的来说，我们的目标是综合一项协议，以决定“在哪里评估哪些数据出于什么原因”，从而在四个数量级的尺度范围内表征水文功能。在WP2中，我们将培养简约而物理上一致的模型结构，这些模型结构依赖于可观察到的数量，并利用景观中的对称性以基于假设的方式简化控制模型方程。为此，我们将比较并发模型结构（其中包括CAOS模型），并努力建立一个框架，用于客观模型的相互比较，特别强调a)不同数据/信息源的附加价值和b)关于分布式动态和积分流的预测一致性。此外，在WP2中，我们的目标是通过综合可测试的假设，将“如何”与“为什么”联系起来，这些假设可以解释空间组织是否按照候选组织原则进化。生态学、河流地貌学和热力学为这个问题提供了大量的候选组织原理。基于我们最近的工作，我们将特别关注热力学极限和最优性原则，如最大熵产生，探索它们对未校准水文预测的价值，并制定出测试这些原则的数据和模型的必要要求。我们特别强调这些候选原理的可能实验证伪；还与亚利桑那州图森的b2景观演变观测站密切合作。

Within phase 2 of the CAOS research unit we will work towards a holistic framework to explore how spatial organization alongside with spatial heterogeneity controls terrestrial water and energy cycles in intermediate scale catchments. 'Holistic' means for us to link the 'how' to the 'why' by drawing from generic understanding of landscape formation and biotic controls on processes and structures as well as to rely on exemplary experimental learning in a hypothesis and theory based manner. This also implies treatment of soil, vegetation and atmosphere as coupled system rather than a linear combination of different compartments. To jointly work towards this goal we propose 7 projects which will closely cooperate within two overarching work packages:WP1: Linking hydrological similarity with landscape structure across scalesWP2: Searching for appropriate catchment models and organizing principlesWithin WP1 we will further refine the existing stratified multi-method and multi-sensor setup to search for functional entities in the Attert and, if they exist, to learn in an exemplary manner which structural features control functional characteristics. This essentially includes identification of suitable metrics to discriminate functional and structural similarity from data as well as identification of useful quantitative descriptors for the rather fuzzy term 'hydrological function'. Overall we aim to synthesize a protocol to decide 'where to assess which data for what reasons' for characterizing hydrological functioning across a scale range of four orders of magnitude.Within WP2 we will foster our distillery of parsimonious and nevertheless physically consistent model structures which rely on observable quantities and make use of symmetries in the landscape to simplify the governing model equations in a hypothesis based manner. To this end we will compare concurring model structures (among those the CAOS model) and work towards a framework for an objective model inter comparison with special emphasis on a) the added value of different data/information sources and b) on consistency of predictions with respect to distributed dynamics and integral flows.Additionally, we aim in WP2 at linking the 'how' to the 'why' by synthesizing testable hypotheses that could explain whether spatial organization has evolved in accordance with candidate organizing principles. Ecology, fluvial geomorphology and thermodynamics offer a large set of candidate organizing principles for this issue. Based on our recent work we will focus especially on thermodynamic limits and optimality principles like maximum entropy production, explore their value for uncalibrated hydrological predictions and work out the necessary requirements on data and models for testing these principles. We put special emphasis on a possible experimental falsification of these candidate principles; also in close collaboration with the B2-Landscape Evolution Observatory in Tucson, Arizona.