The Science of Race: Human Experimentation in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World

世纪在西印度群岛出版的为数不多的科学期刊之一《殖民地医学公报》（Gazette de medecine pour les colonies）突出了困扰18世纪世纪为欧洲加勒比殖民地的奴隶和种植园主提供服务的医生的问题：欧洲人和非洲人的疾病进展和药物代谢有多大程度的不同？在试图治愈时，人与人之间的差异是什么？这个长达一本书的项目分析了18世纪大西洋世界的医学科学，特别关注种族和人类实验的科学概念。这项研究分析了人类受试者是如何被选择进行实验的，以及生物体之间的均匀性和可变性的概念是如何发展起来的。医生们是否想象过一种自然的人体，它曾经被测试过，具有普遍性？在白色身体上进行的测试是否被认为适用于黑色身体（反之亦然）？在这方面，男性和女性的身体是否可以互换？智力优势。这个项目探讨了关于种族和性别的假设如何形成科学实验，一方面，以及医学实验如何有助于理论化种族和性别。它探讨了科学家在18世纪所面临的一个悖论：在定义种族差异成为欧洲科学的优先事项的同时，人体实验要求人体可以互换。初步研究表明，在18世纪60年代（在牙买加），在现代欧洲殖民背景下首次出现了关于在非洲人身体上进行的实验是否适用于欧洲人身体的问题，而这些最初的问题，重要的是，关于妇女的身体。该项目将在四个领域重新概念化研究：首先是我们对非洲对早期现代科学的贡献的认识;科学中种族的史学;人类实验的历史;以及科学在十八世纪大西洋世界中的作用-一个充满活力和快速发展的学术领域。该项目以档案材料、医学书籍和期刊以及18世纪关于奴隶制、奴隶贸易、种植园综合体等的文献为基础。PI在18世纪科学和大西洋世界出版了获奖书籍。更广泛的影响：通过扩大我们对种族和性别如何塑造科学理论和实践的了解，该项目有助于增加科学界代表性不足的少数民族和妇女的人数。该项目通过培训学生（本科生和研究生）的研究方法来整合研究和教育，旨在扩大我们对构成大西洋世界的多方向交通如何帮助塑造早期现代科学的理解。《奥西里斯》的编辑邀请PI提交一份关于这一主题的卷本的建议，并将就此主题举行一次公开会议（由斯坦福大学资助）。PI要求提供资金，用于两个课程（2008年冬季和春季）的发布以及两个夏季（2007年和2008年）在欧洲和加勒比地区主要图书馆和档案馆的研究。这本书，像PI的其他人，将写一个广泛的跨学科和学术观众，并针对研究人员和学生在STS的所有领域。PI希望这本书，像她的其他人一样，通过与哈佛大学出版社的合作，

The "Gazette de medecine pour les colonies," one of the few scientific journals published in the West Indies in the eighteenth century, highlighted questions plaguing eighteenth-century physicians who served both slave and planter populations in Europe's Caribbean colonies: To what extent do diseases progress and medicines metabolize differently in the bodies of Europeans and Africans? What differences among human are significant when trying to cure? This book-length project analyzes the medical sciences in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world, looking in particular at scientific notions of race and human experimentation. This research analyzes how human subjects were chosen for experiments, and how notions of uniformity and variability across living organisms were developed. Did physicians imagine a natural human body that once tested held universally? Were tests done on white bodies thought to hold for black bodies (and vice versa)? Were male and female bodies considered interchangeable in this regard? Intellectual Merit. This project explores how assumptions about race and gender formed scientific experiments, on the one hand, and how medical experimentation contributed to theorizing race and gender, on the other. It investigates a paradox faced by scientists in the eighteenth century: At the same time that defining racial difference became a priority for European science, experimenting with human subjects required that human bodies be interchangeable. Preliminary research shows that it was in the 1760s (in Jamaica) that questions first arose in a modern European colonial context about whether experiments done on the bodies of Africans were valid for European bodies, and these first questions were, significantly, about women's bodies. This project will reconceptualize research in four areas: first and foremost our knowledge of African contributions to early modern science; the historiography of race in science; the history of human experimentation; and the role of science in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world-a vibrant and quickly developing field of scholarship. The project is based in archival materials, medical books and journals, and in eighteenth-century literature on slavery, the slave trade, the plantation complex, and the like. The PI has published prize-winning books in eighteenth-century science and Atlantic world. Broader Impacts: By expanding our knowledge of how race and gender mold science theory and practice, this project contributes to increasing the numbers of underrepresented minorities and women in science. This project integrates research and education by training students (undergraduate and graduate) in research methodologies aimed at broadening our understanding of how the multi-directional traffic that constituted the Atlantic world helped shape early modern science. The PI has been invited by the editor of "Osiris" to submit a proposal for a volume on this topic and will hold a public conference (to be funded by Stanford University) on the topic. The PI requests funding for release from two courses (winter and spring quarters 2008) and for research for two summers (2007 and 2008) in major European and Caribbean libraries and archives. This book, like the PI's others, will be written for a broad interdisciplinary and scholarly audience, and aimed at researchers and students in all areas of STS. The PI expects this book, like her others, to be widely disseminated through published with Harvard University