Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: "A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Development of Camelid Pastoralism in the South Central Andes of Bolivia"

在大卫·L·布朗曼博士和菲奥娜·马歇尔博士的指导下，何塞·M·卡普里莱斯-弗洛雷斯先生将分析南美洲骆驼(骆驼和羊驼)牧业起源的证据。其中突出的问题将是审查用来开采动物产品和动物能源以促进当地史前经济的普遍管理战略。从玻利维亚奥鲁罗附近的Iroco地区的两个地点发现的原始样本的证据将被用来检验两个理论模型。Iroco地区被选为研究重点，因为它位于一个被推定为主要依赖骆驼牧业的地区。但之所以选择这个地点，也是因为它远离喀喀湖附近的主要史前和历史贸易路线。自西班牙征服以来，这些动物的广泛引入和杂交使这些领域的早期研究陷入混乱。Iroco应该为早期的骆驼牧业提供一个干净的样本。初步的aDNA(古代DNA)试点分析为该地点的选择提供了支持。详细的动物考古分析和空间背景信息将被用来确定骆驼消费的性质和骆驼资源的提取。除了自然和社会科学家特别感兴趣的研究问题，该项目将提供潜在的数据，以解决更广泛的公共问题，如全球变暖可能需要的调整。目前世界面临的环境状况预计的后果之一是许多地区的干旱加剧，那里仍然有足够的水分来支持畜牧业和其他牧业战略，但那里的植物农业将大幅减少或消除。对这里的史前骆驼牧民制定和采用的战略进行评估，应该会为专家们提供更多的模式和战略，供他们在解决全球面临的明显迫在眉睫的环境迁移问题时加以考虑。美洲驼群和羊驼群在美国西部草原上越来越常见，这项研究应该为美国工业的微调扩张提供新的信息。对东道国玻利维亚来说，实地考察将提供有关奥鲁罗地区文化和历史遗产的信息。此外，通过与玻利维亚拉巴斯圣安德烈斯大学的玻利维亚动物学院研究部门协调开展分析阶段，该项目将为培训学生掌握分析方法和技术提供目前无法获得的机会。

Under the supervision of Dr. David L. Browman and Dr. Fiona Marshall, , Mr. Jose M. Capriles-Flores will analyze the evidence for the origins of camelid (llama and alpaca) pastoralism in South America. Among the salient issues will be the examination of the generalized management strategies employed to extract animal products and animal energy sources to enhance the local prehistoric economy. Evidence from pristine samples recovered from two sites in the Iroco area near Oruro, Bolivia, will be utilized to test two theoretical models.The Iroco locality was selected as a research focus because it is in an area of presumed origin of primary dependence upon camelid pastoralism. But the location was chosen also because it is far outside of the main prehistoric and historic trade routes near Lake Titicaca. Earlier studies in these areas have been confounded by the extensive introgression and hybridization of the animals since the Spanish Conquest. Iroco should provide a clean sample of early camelid pastoralism. Preliminary aDNA (ancient DNA) pilot analyses provide support for the selection of this site. Detailed zooarchaeological analyses coupled with spatial contextual information will be employed to determine the nature of camelid consumption, and camelid resource extraction.Beyond the research questions of particularly interest to natural and social scientists, this project will provide potential data to address broader public issues such as the adjustments that may be necessary owing to global warming. One of the projected consequences of the current environmental situation facing the world is increased aridity in many locales, where there will still be sufficient moisture to support stock raising and other pastoral strategies, but where plant agriculture will be drastically reduced or eliminated. Evaluation of the strategies developed and employed by prehistoric camelid pastoralists here should provide experts with additional models and strategies to consider in addressing the apparently impending environmental relocation facing the globe. Llama and alpaca herds are increasingly common in the western U.S. grasslands, and this research should provide new information for fine-tuning expansion of the American industry. For the host country, Bolivia, the fieldwork will provide information on the cultural and historical heritage of the Oruro region. And, as well, by carrying out the analysis phase in coordination with the Bolivian Colección de Fauna research component of the Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz, Bolivia, the project will provide currently unavailable opportunities for training students in analytical methods and techniques.