Political corruption. Immoral money and political favoritism in Germany and France (19th-20th century)

我们要求继续我们的研究项目POC/K，该项目研究了19世纪和20世纪德国和法国的政治腐败史。我们想把重点放在腐败辩论与任人唯亲的做法之间的关系上。关于腐败的辩论揭示了社会内部政治规范的协商方式。这些规范和做法的形成受到情景环境和国家特殊性的影响。我们的研究将分为三个比较法德研究集群：1。国家利益、个人利益和共同利益。不道德的金钱和战争时期的奸商（1870 - 1939）：这一组将研究针对在战争期间和战后立即获得巨额利润的企业的腐败指控。2. 地方腐败和小规模偏袒（1900年至1970年）：该集群的焦点是市政和区域的庇护网络以及公众对其的批评。3. “白骑士”网络：揭发者和腐败批评者的历史（1900年至1980年）：第三组将分析动机、社会地位和知名腐败批评者的网络。所有这三个集群结合了两种不同的方法来解决这个问题：首先，它们允许在三个不同的层面上进行考试：国家宏观、地方中观和个人微观层面。其次，它们反映了特定的社会政治星座：战时事件的特殊情况，面对面社会结构环境的政治特征，以及现代媒体及其主角对政治话语的重要性。一方面，我们期望发现，在战争时期，对违反规范的容忍度特别低。另一方面，在市政环境中违反规范似乎更容易被容忍。因此，我们认为，任免和偏袒的做法在地方一级具有连续性的特点，而军备工业的情况由于外部压力将显示出较少的连续性做法。关于举报人，我们认为他们主动向公众隐瞒了他们的网络和相互关系。此外，我们认为，它们的网络影响了关于腐败和违反公共规范的一般性辩论。如果我们的研究证实了上述假设，则可以为规范容忍水平的随意性调解提供一个案例。

We request the continuance of our research project POC/K which examines the history of political corruption in Germany and France throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. We want to focus on the relationship between corruption debates and the practices of patronage and favouritism. Debates on corruption shed light on the way political norms are negotiated within society. The formation of such norms and practices is influenced by situational circumstances as well as national particularities. Our research will be divided into three comparative Franco-German research clusters:1. National and private interests and the common good. Immoral money and war time profiteers (1870 - 1939): This cluster will examine allegations of corruption directed towards businesses which acquired great profits during as well as immediately after wartimes. 2. Local corruption and small scale favouritism (1900s - 1970): Focal points of this cluster are municipal and regional networks of patronage as well as the public criticism thereof. 3. The networks of the 'chevaliers blancs': The history of whistle-blowers and corruption critics (1900s - 1980): The third cluster will analyse motives, social position and networks of well-established and distinguished critics of corruption.All three clusters combine two separate approaches to the topic: Firstly, they allow the examination to be carried out on three different levels: the national macro-, the local meso-, and the personal micro-level. Secondly, they reflect on specific socio-political constellations: The exceptional circumstances of wartime events, politics characterised by structural circumstances of face-to-face societies, as well as the significance of modern media and its protagonists for the political discourse. On the one hand, we expect to find that the tolerance towards breaching of norms was particularly low during times of war. On the other hand, the breach of norms in a municipal setting seems to be more tolerable. Therefore, we presume that practices of patronage and favouritism were characterised by continuity on the local level, while the case of armament industry will show less continuous practices due to outside pressures. In reference to whistle-blowers, we presume that they actively concealed their networks and interrelations from the public. Furthermore, we believe that their networks influenced the general debate on corruption and the breach of public norms. If our research confirms the above stated hypotheses, a case can be made for a casuistic mediation of normative levels of tolerance.