Doctoral Dissertation Research: Experimenting with Chemical Bodies

实验是现代科学的重要组成部分，在科学知识的生成中发挥着重要作用。这个项目将通过研究十七世纪和十九世纪生理学和化学中的关键实验者之间的重要直接联系，寻求扩大和完善我们对实验的长期变化、背景影响以及认识论和认识论维度的理解。在关注几条明确的历史线索时，这个项目有多重的目标和回报：研究一个被忽视的17世纪的主要研究计划；强调对生物进行的实验在17世纪所起的关键作用；追溯一个可以追溯到19世纪的重要传统；并发展一种比较的方法，在这种方法中，不同时期相互照亮在生产实验知识的实践、思想、态度和材料方面的变化和连续性的特征。虽然目前的文献主要集中在实验科学的社会文化背景上，但我们仍然缺乏对实验中的知识生产的更详细的研究。19世纪生理学与17世纪生理学之间的重要联系还没有被探索过。本项目将通过对雷格尼埃·德·格拉夫(1641-1673年)、方济各·德·波·西尔维乌斯(1614-1672年)和弗洛伦蒂乌斯·舒伊尔(1619-1669年)等研究不足的人物的研究，建立在对荷兰实验日益增长的认识的基础上。在19世纪，著名科学家弗朗索瓦·马根迪(Francois Magendie，1783-1855)和克劳德·伯纳德(Claude Bernard，1813-1878)在他们自己的实验和对生命实验室调查的态度中复兴并重新设想了17世纪研究人员的工作。这一项目的学术价值体现在关键主题和人物的历史恢复、对有机实验的重要分析以及新颖的史学方法。以胰腺和身体作为化学仪器的实验为重点，这个项目将提供解剖实践、哲学静脉、身体感觉、化学分析标准和广泛的实验方法的详细比较，所有这些都在他们那个时代的文化背景下。在建立对科学和历史实体的多角度分析的过程中，该项目将完善一种新的科学史方法，将实验和实验实践和对象作为历史主题，但仍对当地背景和文化保持敏感。这样的项目将阐明自然、艺术和身体概念之间不断变化的关系，以及这些概念如何与实验相关，并扩大我们对动物实验的伦理和经验的历史理解，并增加对技术、仪器以及文本和图像的历史传播的研究。作为一种科学、文化和社会现象，十七世纪和十九世纪的生理实验也需要与其他研究领域的相互联系：性别研究中的身体研究，哲学和神学中的生命和灵魂的概念，书中历史材料中的知识传递，社会治理和治国，以及实践史和物质文化的历史都在实验企业的核心相遇。

Experiments are major components of modern science and play important roles in the generation of scientific knowledge. This project will seek to expand and refine our understanding of the long-term transformations, contextual influence, and epistemic and epistemological dimensions of experimentation by studying significant direct connections between key experimenters in physiology and chemistry of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. In its focus on several clear threads of historical connection, this project has multiple aims and rewards: to study a neglected major seventeenth-century research program; highlight the crucial role that experiments on living entities played in the seventeenth century; trace a vital tradition stretching to the nineteenth century; and develop a comparative approach in which the various periods mutually illuminate features of change and continuity in practices, ideas, attitudes, and materials involved in the production of experimental knowledge.While current literature focuses largely on the socio-cultural context of experimental science, we still lack more detailed studies of the production of knowledge in experiments. The important connection of nineteenth-century physiology to the seventeenth century has not been explored. The present project would build on the growing awareness of Dutch experimentation by addressing under-researched figures such as Regnier de Graaf (1641-1673), Franciscus dele Boe Sylvius (1614-1672), and Florentius Schuyl (1619-1669). In the nineteenth century, leading scientists Francois Magendie (1783-1855) and Claude Bernard (1813-1878) revived and re-envisioned the work of the seventeenth-century researchers in their own experiments and attitudes toward the laboratory investigation of life.The intellectual merit of this project is found both in the historical recovery of key themes and figures, the vital analysis of organic experimentation, and the novel historiographical approach. Taking the experiments on the pancreas and the body as a chemical apparatus as a focus, this project will provide a mix of detailed comparison of anatomical practices, philosophical veins, bodily sensation, standards of chemical analysis, and broadly experimental approaches, all within the cultural contexts of their times. In building an analysis of multiple perspectives on scientific and historical entities, this project will refine a novel approach to the history of science that takes a robust view of experiments and experimental practices and objects as historical subjects, but remains sensitive to local context and culture.The broader impacts of such a study are manifold. Such a project will illuminate changing relations between concepts of nature, art, and the body, and how these concepts relate to experimentation, as well as expand our historical understanding of the ethics and experiences of animal experimentation, and add to the study of technology, instrumentation, and the historical transmission of texts and images. As a scientific, cultural, and social phenomenon, physiological experimentation in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries also necessitates interrelations with other fields o studies: studies of the body in gender studies, the notion of life and the soul in philosophy and theology, the transmission of knowledge in materials in the history of the book, social governance and statecraft, and the history of practices and material culture all meet in the heart of the experimental enterprise.