The evolution of serial homology: a case study with nymphalid butterfly eyespots

Antónia蒙提罗和威廉·皮尔提案号：IOS-0818731“序列同源性的进化：蝴蝶眼斑的案例研究。”人们已经发现，复杂生物的身体会重复使用发育结构，如牙齿、脊椎和肋骨，以构建“连续”重复的部分或过程。这种组合或模块化设计表明，在胚胎发育过程中，某些遗传程序在不同的地方被多次重新部署。在进化多样化的过程中，这些模块是如何重新部署的还有待了解。本项目旨在通过研究蝴蝶翅膀上连续重复的“眼斑”图案，探索复杂重复结构的进化和发育起源。研究人员将组装一个大型的雌雄蝴蝶物种的系统发育树，根据斑点或眼点的存在与否对它们的翅膀模式进行拍照和编码，并使用比较方法来推断眼点是如何进化的。此外，还将根据翅膀图案进化的系统发育分布，通过监测4个候选网络基因在20个物种中的表达，研究眼斑基因发育“网络”的进化。该项目在广泛的教育水平上具有相当大的教育影响，支持研究生，博士后和几个本科勤工俭学学生。此外，几名纽黑文高中的学生研究人员将通过皮博迪博物馆面向城市青年的外展项目“进化”参与其中。该项目还将生成一个可公开访问的蝴蝶物种高分辨率图像数据库（来自1,000种雌雄虫的约8,000张图像），一个大型雌雄虫系统发育图，以及首个鳞翅目基因表达图像数据库。此外，交互式网络动画将被制作并纳入皮博迪博物馆的展品中。这个软件将说明雌雄若虫翅膀图案的多样性，并将动画眼斑变化的进化系统发育。本次展览将向公众介绍翅膀图案的多样性和进化，重复模块的个性化进化，以及新奇形态的进化，如眼点。

Antónia Monteiro and William PielProposal number: IOS-0818731"The evolution of serial homology: a case study with butterfly eyespots."The bodies of complex organisms have been found to reuse developmental structures, such as teeth, vertebra, and ribs, in order to build "serially" repeated parts or processes. This composite or modular design suggests that certain genetic programs are redeployed multiple times in different places during the developing embryo. It remains to be understood how such modules come to be redeployed over the course of evolutionary diversification. This project aims to explore the evolutionary and developmental origin of complex repeated structures by studying serially-repeated "eyespot" patterns in the wings of butterflies. The researchers will assemble a large phylogenetic tree of nymphalid butterfly species, photograph and code their wing patterns with respect to the presence or absence of spots or eyespots, and use comparative methods to infer how eyespots evolved. In addition, the evolution of the eyespot gene developmental "network" will be investigated by monitoring the expression of four candidate network genes in twenty species chosen on the basis of phylogenetic distribution of wing pattern evolution. This project has considerable educational Broader Impacts over a wide range of educational levels, supporting a graduate student, postdoc, and several undergraduate work-study students. Moreover, several New Haven high school student researchers will be involved through "Evolutions", the Peabody Museum's outreach program to city youth. This project will also generate a publicly accessible high-resolution image database of butterfly species (ca. 8,000 images from 1,000 nymphalid species), a large phylogeny of nymphalids, and the first database for gene expression images in the Lepidoptera. In addition, interactive web-accessible animations will be produced and incorporated into the exhibits of the Peabody Museum. This software will illustrate the diversity of nymphalid wing patterns and will animate the evolution of eyespot changes on phylogeny. This exhibit will introduce the public to the diversity and evolution of wing patterns, the evolution of individuation of repeated modules, and the evolution of morphological novelties such as eyespots.