Integrity of the Plant Golgi

智力上的优点。众所周知，植物、真菌和动物的细胞都含有细胞器，这些细胞器对细胞的生命起着至关重要的作用。尚待了解的是细胞器的特性是如何建立和维持的。在这个项目中，植物高尔基仪器将被用作解决这一根本问题的模型。在植物中，高尔基体由高度流动的成堆的膜组成，这些膜分散在另一个细胞器--内质网(ER)的小管上。植物高尔基体从近端和远端接收蛋白质和膜；它参与蛋白质和膜的修饰和分选，最终到达目的地，并合成包裹植物细胞的细胞壁。通过高尔基体的膜蛋白流动以及外周相关蛋白的动态交换需要这个细胞器的持续重塑。然而，在蛋白质往返高尔基体的激烈交通过程中，这些堆栈经受住了分散。这提出了一个基本的生物学问题：高尔基如何保持其完整性(即建筑和构成)？高尔基体的完整性取决于细胞器在蛋白质运输过程中动态维持其稳态结构和膜分布的能力。使用布兰迪兹实验室专门为高尔基植物开发的筛子，鉴定出了一组独特的突变体，其中一个已建立的高尔基标记部分错误地定位于其他细胞器。这个屏幕令人兴奋，因为它为识别控制工厂高尔基完整性的机械的关键角色奠定了基础。在本项目中，将对高尔基体突变体进行鉴定，以确定负责维持高尔基体细胞构型和细胞膜稳态分布的蛋白质(S)。这项工作将导致关于细胞器生物发生的基本问题的答案，以及真核生物系统中高尔基体组织和功能的重要差异。更广泛的影响。植物是所有生物圈发展的主要能源：所有动物都直接或间接地依靠植物生存。植物的分泌途径在将固定碳转化为蛋白质、脂肪和复合糖等富含能量的物质的过程中起着重要的作用。这些植物产品不仅对营养很重要，而且有可能被用作可再生燃料、润滑剂、纺织品和各种建筑材料。植物高尔基体是细胞壁生物合成和贮藏蛋白沉积的关键细胞器。由于进化适应的结果是系统之间存在独特的变异，如果人类要充分挖掘植物作为地球上生物分子主要提供者的潜力，研究植物高尔基体是很重要的。该项目还将使Brandizzi实验室能够继续参与教学和外联活动，向学生和教师传播植物科学的科学发现及其对我们社会的影响。

Intellectual merit. It is well established that cells of plants, fungi, and animals contain organelles that carry out vital functions for the life of a cell. What is yet to be learned is how the identity of organelles is established and maintained. In this project, the plant Golgi apparatus will be used as a model to address this fundamental question. In plants, the Golgi apparatus is composed of highly mobile stacks of membranes that are dispersed on tubules of another organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The plant Golgi receives proteins and membranes from proximal and distal locations; it is involved in their modification and sorting to their final destinations and in synthesizing the cell wall that encapsulates plant cells. The flow of membrane proteins through the Golgi as well as the dynamic exchange of peripherally associated proteins require continuous remodeling of this organelle. Yet, the stacks withstand dispersion during the intense traffic of proteins to and from the Golgi. This raises the fundamental biological question: How does the Golgi retain its integrity (i.e. architecture and composition)? The integrity of the Golgi depends on the organelle's ability to dynamically maintain its steady-state architecture and membrane distribution during protein traffic. Using a screen specifically developed for the plant Golgi in the Brandizzi laboratory, a unique set of mutants was identified in which an established Golgi marker is partially mis-targeted to other organelles. This screen is exciting because it sets the foundation for identifying key players of the machinery that controls plant Golgi integrity. In this project, characterization of the Golgi mutants will be carried out to identify the protein(s) responsible for the maintenance of the architecture and membrane steady-state distribution at the plant Golgi. This work will lead to answers to fundamental questions regarding organelle biogenesis and important differences in Golgi organization and function across eukaryotic biological systems. Broader impacts. Plants are the primary energy source of all biospheric development: all animals survive on plants, both directly and indirectly. The secretory pathway of plants plays a fundamental role in the conversion of fixed carbon into energy-rich materials such as proteins, lipids, and complex sugars. These plant-derived products are important not only for nutrition, but they have the potential to be used as renewable fuels, lubricants, textiles, and building materials of all kinds. The plant Golgi is a key organelle in cell wall biosynthesis and storage protein deposition. Because unique variations exist among systems as a result of evolutionary adaptation, it is important to study the plant Golgi if humanity is to tap into the full potential of plants as primary providers of bio-molecules on earth. This project will also enable the Brandizzi lab to continue their engagement in teaching and outreach activities to communicate to students and teachers the scientific discoveries in plant science and their impact on our society.