Jewish Discussions in Exile in the 1920s: Pogroms 1918-1921 and "Jewish Bolshevism"

本申请的目的是完成本研究项目，该项目于2011年至2013年进行了24个月。由于基尔大学的教学任务，这项研究不得不暂停。这将导致一份约300页的研究报告，将作为一卷在“弗里茨·鲍尔研究所的科学报告”内出版。这些主题包括：1）俄国内战和反犹太人大屠杀1917-1921 2）俄国内战和魏玛共和国早期对所谓的犹太布尔什维克主义的反犹主义刻板印象3）1918年以后犹太人的史学和在基辅的文件收集4）1921年以后在柏林的东犹太人历史档案馆5）YIVO的历史部分，1925年成立6）1926/1927年在巴黎的Shvartsbard防御委员会7）这些犹太诗人历史学家在犹太史学中的地位。俄罗斯内战和反犹太人大屠杀仍然在某种程度上笼罩在第二次世界大战和纳粹浩劫的阴影之下。对1921年以前的犹太布尔什维克主义的定型观念的分析将强调，它的核心是一种反犹主义的结构，其中当然包括激进的反布尔什维克情绪，但同时又与反西方的观念有着内在的纠缠。反犹太人暴力的程度和方法，在大屠杀之前对犹太人的最大规模屠杀，在乌克兰和白俄罗斯有大约15万受害者，是尖锐的，以前从未见过。关于俄国内战和反犹太人大屠杀的一般史学，在取得足够的差异化观点之前，还有一段路要走。精确的重建和分析这组犹太历史学家与埃利亚斯Tscherikower在其中心将大大推进我们的知识。这群人在基辅建立了历史奥斯特朱迪舍档案馆，收集文件，并为受害者提供了两年的物质帮助，然后逃到了柏林。最重要的资料来源是纽约YIVO的档案。其中包括历史文件和证词，大部分行政材料和信件以及所有会议的协议。大量和足够的来源已经阅读和复制，但尚未彻底和全面的研究，这位研究人员，因为它确实需要一些时间来破译的offen手写文件，主要是在意第绪语和俄语。(An助理将帮助做360小时的运输。这群犹太历史学家之所以重要，不仅是因为他们在大屠杀方面的工作。它的一些成员在1925年创立YIVO的倡议中发挥了重要作用，并构成了其历史部分的核心成员。从历史学的角度来看，这些历史学家被认为是现代犹太史学的先驱，他们试图以开创性的现代方式分析反犹太暴力。

The purpose of this application is to finish this research project, which was conducted for 24 months 2011 until 2013. The research had to be paused because of teaching duties at Keele University. It will lead to a study with about 300 pages which will be published as a volume within the "Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts". The topics include: 1) Russian Civil War and the anti-Jewish pogroms 1917-1921 2) The antisemitic stereotype of socalled Jewish Bolshevism during the Russian Civil War and the early Weimar republic 3) Jewish historiography and the gathering of documents in Kiev from 1918 onwards 4) The Historical Ostjüdische Archive in Berlin from 1921 onwards 5) The Historical Section of YIVO, founded in 1925 6) The Shvartsbard defense-committee 1926/1927 in Paris 7) The place of these Jewish pogrom-historians in Jewish historiography. The Russian Civil War and the anti-Jewish pogroms are still somewhat in the shadow of the Second World War and the Shoah. The analysis of the stereotype Jewish Bolshevism for the period until 1921 will emphasise that it is in its core an antisemitic construction, which included of course a radical anti-bolshevic sentiment, but was at the same time intrinsically entangled with an anti-western notion. The extent and the methods of anti-Jewish violence, the biggest mass killings of Jews before the Shoah with ca 150 000 victims in Ukraine and Belarus, were incisive and unseen before. The general historiography both on the Russian Civil War and the anti-Jewish pogroms has still some way to go until it has accomplished a sufficient differentiated view. The precise reconstruction and analysis of this group of Jewish historians with Elias Tscherikower at its center will advance our knowledge considerably. This group created the Historical Ostjüdische Archive, gathered documents, and provided material help to the victims for two years in Kiev, and fled then to Berlin. The most important sources are the files in the YIVO, New York. They include the historical documents and testimonies, much of the administrative material and the correspondence as well as the protocolls of all the meetings. A large and sufficient amount of sources has been read and copied, but not yet thoroughly and comprehensively studied by this researcher because it does take some time to decipher the offen handwritten documents, mostly in Yiddish and Russian. (An assistant will help doing the transcriptions with 360 hrs.) This group of Jewish historians is not only important because of its work on the pogroms. Some of its members played an essential part in the initiative to found the YIVO in 1925, and constituted the core members of its historical section. Historiographically these historians are to be considered pioneers of a modern Jewish historiography, which tried to analyse anti-Jewish violence in a pathbreaking modern way.