Pastoralists and the State in Iron Age and Medieval Sweden

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，蒂娜·瑟斯顿博士和来自美国、瑞典和英国的同事们将在瑞典的smatland高原进行为期三年半的实地考察，试图了解自治的牧民是如何被国家所包围，并被纳入国家的政治和经济体系的，这往往违背了他们的集体意愿。sm<s:1>兰的地方-国家关系本质上是“高冲突”的：独立、邦联/霸权和强制“绥靖”的连续阶段，对种族认同、政治凝聚力和经济战略产生了不同的影响。公元600年至1550年间，12个高原政体被合并为斯维尔（后来的瑞典）国家。粗略的民族史学涉及社会和政治精英的活动，包括真实的人物和事件以及支持后来的斯维尔议程和身份的政治刺绣传说。关于当地的，种族独特的森林牧民，除了早期历史国家记录的不合作，逃税和与瑞典敌人的“非法”条约之外，几乎什么都不知道，最终导致了16世纪的武装叛乱。在边缘高原上，种植谷物是不可行的，尽管畜牧是可行的，开采铁矿石和木材用于冶炼木炭也是可行的。为了开发这个敌对地区的资源，从公元1100年左右开始，通过相继建立地方国家前哨，同时增加税收和劳动力需求，国家权力得到了增强。经济变化是否伴随着新的需求？有强化吗？如果是这样，它是广泛的还是仅限于皇室中心附近的地区？动物产量增加了吗？新品种增加了吗？谷物引进了吗？生活质量和生计是否随时间而改变？该项目将记录政府施加压力的情况，这些压力足以引发暴力冲突。关于这一主要史前背景的问题的关键是农业扩张浪潮的时间和程度，可以通过建立开拓性的村庄和开辟新的森林牧场来识别，并通过可确定的地点和清除特征进行评估。行人调查、土壤化学调查和测试挖掘将建立公元500年至1550年的居住、农业和工业地点，这些地点位于前自治的smatland王国Tveta和Vista内，确定适合进一步调查的地点。现存和新的动物群组合、微区域花粉谱、宏观植物分析以及铁生产特征的调查和定年将进一步描绘经济变化。最终的智力贡献是对国家-牧民关系的案例研究，因为当代和历史上的牧民在国家政治和经济中发挥了重要作用，但由于强烈的民族认同和社会政治凝聚力，他们通常蔑视中央权威，并不害怕随后的冲突。游牧民族可以拥有显著的权力，其顺序既不是必然的，也不是单向的，即经过独立、霸权、封装、包容。大多数“封装序列”早在社会科学发展之前就发生了，虽然当代的结果得到了很多研究，但这个过程在很大程度上是没有记录的。具有完整序列的《高原》是研究历代统治者与臣民之间关系的理想场所。为多国学生群体提供的持续考古培训和研究机会的更广泛影响将对一般和特定区域的材料和理论理解产生积极影响。

With NSF support, Dr. Tina Thurston and colleagues from the United States, Sweden, and Great Britain will conduct three and a half years of fieldwork on Sweden's Småland Plateau, seeking to understand how autonomous pastoral peoples are encapsulated by states and incorporated into state political and economic systems, often against their collective will. Local-state relations in Småland were "high-conflict" in nature: successive phases of independence, confederacy/hegemony, and forced "pacification" with varying impacts on ethnic identity, political cohesion, and economic strategies. Between AD 600 and 1550, twelve Plateau polities were incorporated into the Svear (later Swedish) state. Sketchy ethnohistories concern activities of social and political elites, incorporating real people and events and politically embroidered legends supporting later Svear agendas and identity. Of the local, ethnically-distinct forest pastoralist population, virtually nothing is known, except that the early historic state recorded non-cooperation, tax evasion, and "illegitimate" treaties with Sweden's enemies, culminating in 16th century armed rebellion.Cereal cultivation was impracticable on the marginal Plateau, though pastoralism was viable, as was exploitation of iron ore and wood, for charcoal used in smelting. To exploit the resources of this hostile region, beginning around AD 1100, state power was increased through sequential establishment of local state outposts, concurrent with rising taxation and labor demands. Did economic shifts accompany new demands? Was there intensification? If so, was it broad-based or limited to areas near royal centers? Did animal production increase, were new species added, were cereals introduced? Did quality of life and livelihood change over time? The project will document conditions as the state brought pressures to bear, significant enough to foment violent conflict. Critical to questions about this largely prehistoric context is the timing and extent of agricultural expansion waves, recognizable through the establishment of pioneering hamlets and the opening of new forest pasturage, assessed through datable sites and clearance features. Pedestrian survey, soil chemical survey, and test excavations will establish dwelling, farming, and industry locales, AD 500 to 1550, within the former autonomous Småland kingdoms of Tveta and Vista, determining sites appropriate for further investigation. Extant and new faunal assemblages, microregional pollen profiles, macrobotanical analyses, and the survey and dating of iron production features will further chart economic change. The ultimate intellectual contribution is a case study of state-pastoralist relationships, as contemporary and historic pastoralists have played important roles in state politics and economies, but typically have contempt for central authority and are unafraid of the subsequent conflicts, due to strong ethnic identity and sociopolitical cohesion. Pastoral peoples can have significant power, and the sequence through independence, hegemony, encapsulation, and subsumption is neither inevitable nor unidirectional. Most "encapsulation sequences" occurred long before the social sciences developed, and while contemporary outcomes are much-studied, the process is largely undocumented. The Plateau, with its full sequence, is ideal for studying the relationships between successive generations of rulers and subjects. The broader impacts of continued archaeological training and research opportunities afforded a multinational student cohort will have a positive impact on general and region-specific material and theoretical understandings.