Decentralized Societies and the Development of Secondary States: State Formation in Denmark's Iron Age

分权社会与次要国家的发展：丹麦铁器时代的国家形成

• 批准号: 0002371
• 负责人: Timothy Chevral
• 金额: $ 5.83万
• 依托单位: Baylor University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2000-06-01 至 2003-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0002371&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Decentralized; Societies; Development; Secondary; States

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Tina Thurston will conduct three seasons of fieldwork in the Thy region of Denmark. She will focus on the Iron Age period when a state level society first emerged in this area and attempt, through archaeological survey, to gain insight into its organization. `Pristine` states which developed independently have long been a focus of archaeological attention because it is believed that through comparison of such individual cases it is possible to gain insight into the social processes which underlie the emergence of social and political complexity. However most prehistoric states do not develop in this way but result, in fact from contact with and response to other such pre-existing entities. Much less is known about this `secondary` state process and Dr. Thurston's research focuses on this issue. Early Danish states are also unusual because of their `corporate` nature where labor, food production, social groups and even rulership may be controlled through broad integrative ritual and ideological means and extreme differentiation between leaders and followers is suppressed. Centralized or network style government differs dramatically, stressing personal prestige, wealth, power accumulation and highly individualized leadership. Palaces, cities, royal storehouses, temples are absent in Denmark and Dr. Thurston has developed a methodology to reconstruct state organization. This depends on reconstructing the distribution and size of individual settlements and determining the organizational principles which link them. To accomplish this goal Dr. Thurston will rely heavily on surface survey and soil chemical (phosphate) analysis. Prior research in Denmark, as well as other parts of the world indicate a close and direct tie between phosphate level in the soil and human occupation. Building on past NSF supported work, Dr. Thurston will conduct a broad scale survey, collect phosphate data, analyze diagnostic materials exposed on the surface. With these data she will reconstruct the forms and distribution of settlements, determine village social and economic organization and how they changed over time and examine the relationships between these small units and centralized political authority.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，蒂娜·瑟斯顿博士将在丹麦的Thy地区进行三个季节的实地考察。她将专注于铁器时代，当时一个国家级的社会首次出现在这一地区，并试图通过考古调查，以了解其组织。独立发展的“原始”国家长期以来一直是考古学关注的焦点，因为人们认为，通过对这些个案的比较，可以深入了解社会和政治复杂性出现的社会过程。然而，大多数史前国家并不是以这种方式发展起来的，事实上，它们是与其他这样的预先存在的实体接触和反应的结果。对这种“次级”状态过程的了解要少得多，瑟斯顿博士的研究集中在这个问题上。早期的丹麦国家也是不寻常的，因为它们的“公司”性质，劳动，食品生产，社会团体，甚至统治权可能通过广泛的综合仪式和意识形态手段进行控制，领导人和追随者之间的极端分化受到抑制。中央集权或网络型政府截然不同，强调个人声望，财富，权力积累和高度个性化的领导。 丹麦没有宫殿、城市、皇家仓库和寺庙，瑟斯顿博士开发了一种重建国家组织的方法。这取决于重建各个定居点的分布和规模，并确定将它们联系起来的组织原则。为了实现这一目标，瑟斯顿博士将在很大程度上依赖于地表调查和土壤化学（磷酸盐）分析。先前在丹麦以及世界其他地区的研究表明，土壤中的磷酸盐水平与人类活动之间存在密切而直接的联系。在过去NSF支持工作的基础上，Thurston博士将进行大规模的调查，收集磷酸盐数据，分析暴露在表面的诊断材料。通过这些数据，她将重建定居点的形式和分布，确定村庄的社会和经济组织以及它们如何随着时间的推移而变化，并研究这些小单位与中央集权的政治权威之间的关系。