How Network Structures Explain Creativity

网络结构如何解释创造力团队内部和团队之间的合作日益突出创意领域的生产，无论是在学术研究、商业项目、公民活动或文化生产方面，包括音乐、电影、设计和新媒体。这项拟议的研究考察了工作团队是如何表达更大的、非正式但相对稳定的社区的。任务是开发一套网络分析工具，以跟踪团队如何组装、拆卸和重新组装。社交网络分析领域已经确定了几个可能有助于成功的群体表现的结构性属性。其中包括凝聚力密集的互惠关系，促进团队内部的信任，这是富有成效的合作和最佳实施的先决条件。与之对应的概念是经纪业务，即跨越团体或社区的远距离联系，提供获取信息和新想法的途径。为了检验创新需要熟悉性和多样性的想法，我们在网络拓扑图上确定了一个新的结构性属性：结构性褶皱，这是一个独特的位置，有凝聚力的群体重叠在一起。在探索这种结构属性时，我们还确定了群体谱系，以揭示随着时间的推移定义群体的历史邻接性模式。这些分析工具的开发将使我们能够评估是否(以及在什么条件下)创新成功是由相对的群体稳定性推动的，还是通过在历史网络空间中更远(或更近)的群体之间的群体分裂和重组来促进的。为了解决这些问题，我们在三个不同的领域构建了关于群体形成的历史数据集，在这些领域中，团队是创意生产的基本单位：科学合作(通过约26,000名研究人员从1981-2009年的共同创作模式绘制出网络科学跨学科领域的演变图表)，视频游戏行业(包括1972-2009年期间所有商业发布的视频游戏和约310,000个独特的个人)，和爵士乐录音(包括大约40,000次爵士乐录音和从1930年到1969年的400,000位音乐家)。更广泛的影响：创意领域日益支持我们的国民经济和文化认同的力量和活力。音乐制作，无论是通过表演、录音还是音乐视频，都是当今一个产生巨大收入的主要行业。同样，视频游戏行业在2011年创造了约500亿美元的全球收入，正在成为文化生产领域的巨人，对教育、军事和公民参与产生影响。科学研究越来越多地涉及创造性工作，不是由个人进行，而是由分散的合作者团队进行。通过确定创新的社会来源，这项研究支持了确保经济和社会健康发展的创造性生产。

How Network Structures Explain CreativityCollaboration in and across teams increasingly distinguishes production in creative fields whether in academic research, business projects, civic activism, or cultural production, including music, film, design, and new media. The proposed research examines how working teams are expressions of larger, informal, yet relatively stable, communities. The task is to develop a set of network analytic tools to track how teams assemble, disassemble, and reassemble. The field of social network analysis has identified several structural properties that might contribute to successful group performance. Among these are cohesion dense, reciprocal ties that promote trust within teams, a prerequisite for productive collaboration and optimal implementation. The counterpart concept is brokerage long-distance ties that span groups or communities providing access to information and new ideas. To test the idea that innovation requires familiarity and diversity, we identify a new structural property on the landscape of network topographies: the structural fold, a distinctive position where cohesive groups overlap. In exploring this structural property, we additionally identify group lineages to reveal patterns of historical contiguity defining groups over time. Development of these analytic tools will allow us to assess whether (and under what conditions) innovative success is promoted by relative group stability or, alternatively, by group disruption and reassembly across groups that are more (or perhaps less) distant in historical network space.To address these questions, we construct historical datasets on group formation in three distinctive fields where teams are the elemental unit of creative production: scientific collaboration (charting the evolution of the interdisciplinary field of Network Science through the patterns of co-authorship among some 26,000 researchers from 1981-2009), the video game industry (comprising every commercially released video game and some 310,000 unique individuals from 1972-2009), and jazz recordings (comprising approximately 40,000 jazz recording sessions and 400,000 musicians from 1930-1969). Broader Impact: Creative fields increasingly support the strength and vitality of our national economy and cultural identity. Musical production, whether through performances, recordings, or music videos, is a major industry today generating enormous revenues. Similarly, the video game industry, generating an estimated $50 billion in 2011 global revenues, is emerging as a giant in the field of cultural production with implications for education, the military, and civic participation. Scientific research increasingly involves creative work carried out not by individuals but by teams of dispersed collaborators. By identifying the social sources of innovation, this study supports the creative production that assures a robust economy and society.