MRI: Acquisition of an Integrated Volumetric PIV (V3V)/Computer Modeling System for the Study of Biological Phenomena

技术说明：动物和植物反映了它们所生活的介质的物理特性，而增强性能的解剖学变化是自然选择和适应性的基础。然而，大自然提供的洞察力往往受到当时可用技术的限制。迄今为止，在生物流体动力学和空气动力学领域进行的大量实验工作仅限于二维（2D），在很大程度上由2D或平面PIV（粒子图像测速）驱动。然而，生物体设计和流体运动的3D本质是推动存在的身体计划和设计的巨大多样性的原因。已经尝试外推2D信息以提供由生物系统产生的流体流动的理论3D模型，因此不同身体形状或运动模式的精确流体动力学优势仍然难以捉摸。流体流动研究中最令人兴奋的最新发展之一是一种新的V3 V或体积三分量测速系统，该系统使用激光照明，中性浮力反射颗粒和三个摄像机系统，以提供3D流体流动的定量可视化。本研究将使用集成体积PIV（V3 V）计算机建模系统（IVCMS）来探索生物相关的流体流动在真实的3D范围内的广泛的生物现象。这些项目专门设计用于定量了解和可视化水生生物如何在3D中执行影响健康的生态相关任务。研究主题包括无脊椎动物的悬浮进食和运动，水生脊椎动物的通风，进食和运动;以及多个尺度。多用户设备将通过汇集来自多个学科和机构的个人（包括国际合作）来增加获得尖端技术的机会。所有主要用户的研究计划将大大增强，并将促进合作，这将提供一个研究丰富的环境，并刺激旨在迎接21世纪科学挑战的进步生物学思想的流动。更广泛的意义和重要性：了解生物系统中的流体流动可以为生物启发的工程设计提供关键的见解。该研究将使用最先进的技术来研究生物学上重要的和生物学上诱导的真实3D流体流动。到目前为止，还不可能以真正的3D方式重建流体流动，该系统将生成重要的数据，可用于直接了解生物体如何克服在水中生活和移动的挑战。该系统将位于一个私立本科院校（PUI），并将在一个有利于科学发现和学生驱动的研究兴奋的环境中整合研究和教育。这一现代设备将直接扩大代表性不足群体的个人的参与。拟议的研究和尖端技术将实现为学生和高级研究人员提供更多的下一代主要仪器的目标。产生的结果是视觉上有吸引力的，可能会吸引更多的学生，并保留他们在生物科学，以及从事令人兴奋的和动态的研究。本研究之结果亦可提供重要资讯，以提高水利工程设计之效率。

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Animals and plants reflect the physical properties of the medium in which they live, and variation in anatomy that enhances performance is the basis of natural selection and fitness. However, the insights that nature provides has often been limited by the technology available at the time. To date, the large body of experimental work that has been conducted in the field of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics of organisms has been limited to two dimensions (2D), driven in large part by the use of 2D or planar PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry). Yet the 3D nature of organismal design and fluid movements is what drives the massive diversity of body plans and designs that exist. Attempts have been made to extrapolate 2D information to provide theoretical 3D models of fluid flows resulting from biological systems, thus the precise hydrodynamic advantage of different body shapes or movement patterns remains elusive. One of the most exciting recent developments in the study of fluid flows is a new V3V or Volumetric 3-Component Velocimetry system that uses laser illuminated, neutrally buoyant reflective particles and a three camera system to provide a quantitative visualization of fluid flows in 3D. This research will use the Integrated Volumetric PIV (V3V) computer modeling System (IVCMS) to explore biologically relevant fluid flows in true 3D across a wide range of biological phenomena. The projects are specifically designed to quantitatively understand and visualize in 3D how aquatic organisms perform ecologically relevant tasks that influence fitness. Research topics range from suspension feeding and locomotion in invertebrates to ventilation, feeding and locomotion in aquatic vertebrates; and across multiple scales. The multi-user equipment will increase access to cutting-edge technology by bringing together individuals from multiple disciplines and institutions (including international collaborations). Research programs of all major-users will be greatly enhanced and will foster collaborations that will provide a research-rich environment, and stimulate the flow of progressive biological ideas designed to meet the challenges of science in the 21st century.BROADER SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE: Understanding fluid flows in biological systems can provide key insights into biologically-inspired engineering designs. The research will use a state of the art technique to study biologically important and biologically induced fluid flows in true 3D. Reconstructing fluid flows in true 3D has not been possible to date and this system will generate important data that can be used to directly understand how organisms have overcome the challenges of living and moving in water. The system will be located at a Primarily Undergraduate Institution (PUI), and will integrate research and education in an environment that is conducive to the excitement of scientific discovery and student driven research. This modern-day equipment will directly broaden the participation of individuals from underrepresented groups. The proposed research and cutting edge techniques will achieve the goals of providing increased access to the next generation of major instrumentation to both students and advanced level researchers. The results generated are visually appealing and likely to attract more students and retain them in the biological sciences, as well as engage them in exciting and dynamic research. Results from this research can also provide important information to improve the efficiency of aquatic engineering designs.