FESD Proposal,Type I: Open Earth Systems: Whole planet models for global processes and major events in Earth's history

开放地球系统项目的目标是开发模拟地球系统主要组成部分（地幔、地壳、地核、海洋和大气）之间全球尺度相互作用的能力，并确定这些相互作用如何控制地球历史上的决定性事件。塑造我们星球的决定性事件，如地表水的获取、大气氧化、超大陆的形成和分裂、极端火山活动、气候变化、地磁倒转和大规模灭绝事件，都需要地球系统不同部分之间的质量和能量交换，而这些在基础层面上仍然知之甚少。我们的项目采用了最先进的地幔、地壳、地核、海洋和大气的数值模型，并首次将它们结合在一起。我们的具体目标是确定从地幔对流开始的地球动力学如何改变海洋和大气的化学成分，产生极端的火山活动，带状铁的形成，导致地磁场的逆转，以及在地球系统中循环氧、碳、铁和其他基本成分。这项工作的多学科专业知识在我们的研究团队中得到了很好的体现，包括约翰霍普金斯大学的私人侦探Peter Olson， Linda Hinnov， Anand Gnanadesikan和Darryn Waugh，以及耶鲁大学的私人侦探David Bercovici，加州大学伯克利分校的Michael Manga和科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的钟士杰。这个项目的一个组成部分是开发新的方法，招募代表性不足的少数民族进入地球科学。我们正在启动一个名为“地球科学独创性”的实习项目，与独创性项目的代表和巴尔的摩理工学院的讲师合作。巴尔的摩独创性项目是一所以工程为导向的高中。“地球科学匠心”为直接与pi和开放地球系统研究项目的工作人员一起工作的高中生提供指导和技术培训。此外，我们利用公众对极端自然现象的广泛兴趣，为马里兰的教师提供暑期课程，强调这些事件在地球系统中所扮演的角色及其对社会、人类历史、公共卫生和当前世界事务的影响。我们的FESD项目为研究生提供了一个跨学科的培训平台，特别侧重于为研究生提供智力环境和研究工具，以解决跨越地球系统从核心到大气层的地球科学问题。我们的项目将重点放在地球系统不同部分之间的几个关键的相互作用上，这些相互作用对地球的长期进化至关重要，通过将一套完善的模型结合在一起，我们称之为开放地球系统。开放地球系统的学科专用模型包括用于地幔动力学、构造演化和地表地形的CIG模型CitcomS；气候-海洋-大气-陆地相互作用的GFDL模式CM2.1和CM2G海洋动力学用GFDL模型GOLD，地核动力学和地球动力学用CIG模型MAG和MAGIC，岩浆系统用melt模型。对这些模型进行了修正，以便与开放地球系统中的其他模型进行耦合，以探讨以下重大挑战假设：(1)大尺度地幔对流和板块动力学的演化控制着全球海平面、大陆隆升和大型火成岩事件的历史，其中板块运动、板块边界和海洋盆地的变化是由休眠板块边界的俯冲带形成引起的；(2)由于(1)中的地球动力学效应，海平面的降低增强了地球系统在深海中捕获碳的能力，相反，大陆分裂和大火成岩事件期间海平面的升高和底部地形粗糙度的增加增加了深海缺氧事件发生的可能性；(3)地磁极性时间尺度倒转频率的变化反映了显生宙地幔动力和热条件的变化及其对地核的影响，引发了磁超时，并产生了频繁倒转的地球动力状态；(4)地壳年龄峰对应于经选择性保存修正的变地幔对流产壳速率峰，前寒武纪BIF峰对应于经选择性保存修正的大火成岩事件。

The goals of the Open Earth Systems project are to develop capabilities to model global-scale interactions between the primary components of the Earth system -- the mantle, crust, core, ocean, and atmosphere, and to determine how these interactions control decisive events in Earth's history. Decisive events that uniquely shaped our planet, such as acquisition of surface water, atmosphere oxidation, super-continent formation and breakup, extreme volcanism, climate changes, geomagnetic reversals, and mass extinction events, all require mass and energy exchange between diverse parts of the Earth system that remain poorly understood at the fundamental level. Our project takes state-of-the-art numerical models of the mantle and crust, the core, the ocean, and the atmosphere, and for the first time, couples them together. Our specific objectives are to determine how Earth's dynamics, starting with mantle convection, alters the chemistry of the ocean and atmosphere, produces extreme volcanic activity, banded iron formations, leads to reversals of the geomagnetic field, and cycles oxygen, carbon, iron, and other essential constituents through the Earth system. The multi-disciplinary expertise for this effort is well represented in our investigator team, including Johns Hopkins University PIs Peter Olson, Linda Hinnov, Anand Gnanadesikan, and Darryn Waugh, in addition to PIs David Bercovici from Yale University, Michael Manga from UC Berkeley, and Shijie Zhong from the University of Colorado Boulder. An integral part of this project is developing new approaches for recruiting underrepresented minorities into the geosciences. We are initiating an internship program called Geoscience Ingenuity, partnering with Ingenuity Project representatives and instructors at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, an engineering-oriented high school where the Baltimore Ingenuity Project is based. Geoscience Ingenuity offers mentoring and technical training for high school students working directly with the PIs and the staff on Open Earth System research projects. In addition, we offer summertime courses for Maryland teachers capitalizing on the widespread public interest in extreme natural phenomena, and emphasizing the roles these events play in the Earth system and their impacts on society, human history, public health, and current world affairs. Our FESD project serves as a cross-disciplinary training platform for graduate students, with a particular focus on providing the intellectual environment and the research tools for training graduate students in the solution of geoscience problems that span the Earth system from the core to the atmosphere.Our project focuses on several key interactions between different parts of the Earth system that critical to the Earth's long-term evolution, by coupling together a suite of well established models we call Open Earth Systems. Discipline-specific models in Open Earth Systems include CIG model CitcomS for mantle dynamics, tectonic evolution, and surface topography; GFDL models CM2.1 and CM2G for climate ocean-atmosphere-land interactions; GFDL model GOLD for ocean dynamics, CIG model MAG and also MAGIC for core dynamics and the geodynamo, and MELTS for magma systems. These models are modified to allow for coupling with the other models in the Open Earth System, in order to investigate the following grand challenge hypotheses: (1) The evolution of large-scale mantle convection and plate dynamics governs the history of global sea level, continental uplift, and large igneous events, with changes in plate motion, plate boundaries, and ocean basins caused by subduction zone formation along dormant plate boundaries; (2) Lowered sea level due to the geodynamic effects in (1) enhances the Earth system capacity for trapping carbon in the deep ocean, and conversely, raised sea level and increased roughness of the bottom topography during continental breakup and large igneous events increases the likelihood of hypoxia events in the deep ocean; (3) Variations in the frequency of reversals in the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale reflect changing dynamical and thermal conditions in the mantle and their affect on the core, initiate magnetic superchrons, and produce frequently reversing geodynamo states during the Phanerozoic; (4) Crustal age peaks correspond to peaks in crustal production rates from variable mantle convection modified by selective preservation, and Precambrian BIF peaks correspond to large igneous events modified by selective preservation.