FESD Proposal, Type II: " CIDER-II synthesis center: Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research"

ppi建议将CIDER-II（动力地球研究合作研究所）发展为一个“没有围墙的研究所”，使所有学科的地球科学家能够分享他们在研究板块构造和相关自然灾害，特别是地震的基本过程中的知识。CIDER II将促进协调一致的多学科研究，涉及广泛的地球科学学科的主要研究人员。它将：*促进个人和跨学科研究小组之间的协同作用，以解决固体地球科学中最重要和最难解决的问题；*为新思想的发展提供一个环境，这将有助于确定下一代关键的实验和观察，并建立对它们的赞赏和支持；*为所有职业水平的科学家提供跨学科教育的场所。CIDER的目标是通过多学科方法帮助提高对地球演化和当前动态的基本理解。自从板块构造理论被接受以来已经有40年了，但地球科学家们对驱动板块运动的全球动力过程的基本性质还没有达成最终的一致意见。全球地震层析模型的新解释表明，一种变革方法是必要的，并且可能会成功，这表明地球上存在多个深度域，这些深度域表现出不同的非均质性，作为波长和深度的函数。这表明每个深度域都有自己的动态，但它们之间存在一定程度的耦合。一般来说，这是一个比迄今为止所考虑的要复杂得多的问题。与此同时，新一代的学科工具正在成为可能，这些工具提供了前所未有的地球内部视图。目前，主要的基础设施建设正在进行中：Earthscope的USArray （http://www.earthscope.org）为地震学家提供了一个高分辨率的“窗口”，可以看到北美大陆的岩石圈、深部地幔和地核；comppres （http://compres.us）允许矿物物理学家在与地球深部有关的高P-T条件下对矿物特性进行高级测量，并将其与“第一原理”计算结果进行比较。CIG （http://www.geodynamics.org）为地球动力学家和地震学家提供了一个统一的、最先进的框架，用于计算地幔和核心对流以及地震波传播。广泛的GPS网络和卫星观测正在彻底改变大地测量学和地磁领域（例如，EarthScope的板块边界观测站、Oersted、Champ、GRACE和Swarm）。古地磁数据正在被整合到MagIC数据库中（earthref.org/MAGIC/）。在地球化学方面，过去25年来收集的大量高质量化学和同位素数据现在已成为系统和广泛可访问的数据库的一部分（PETDB:www.petdb.org, GEOROC GEOROC .mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/ GEOROC），并且不断改进的分析技术正在从微米到数千公里的尺度上为地幔过程提供新的视角。鉴于观测数据的巨大数量和多样性，如果我们能够识别和关注必要跨越学科的关键问题，并建立有效的跨学科桥梁来解决这些问题，那么我们可以预期，对地球构成和演化的理解将出现重大飞跃。第二期发展研究中心的作用将是提供社区评价、验证、问题和解和建立协商一致意见的机制。每年，这个“没有围墙的中心”都会围绕一个主要的多学科主题组织活动。每个CIDER-II“主题”的启动将是一个为期6周的暑期项目，旨在将不同学科、不同职业水平的研究人员聚集在一个地方，确定适合综合和/或协调多学科研究工作的关键问题。第二届经济发展研究中心还将支助为处理已确定可以综合处理的具体实际问题而成立的工作组。CIDER本质上是一个影响广泛的项目：它促进了地球科学家在其职业生涯的任何阶段的交叉教育；它的目的是培养新一代的地球科学家，使他们具有跨学科的广泛能力，以便在了解动态的地球方面取得进展。CIDER的网络资源，包括发布和网络广播夏季项目期间的讲座，以及计划中的网络论坛和公开出版物，旨在覆盖整个地球科学家社区。CIDER将通过培养知识更广泛的教师队伍来影响本科教育。

The PIs propose to develop CIDER-II, (Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research) as an "Institute without Walls" enabling Earth Scientists of all disciplines to share their knowledge in studying the fundamental processes responsible for plate tectonics and associated natural hazards, in particular earthquakes. CIDER II will facilitate concerted multi-disciplinary investigations involving leading researchers across a broad range of Earth Science disciplines. It will: * Foster synergies between individuals and small groups of interdisciplinary researchers in tackling the most important and difficult unsolved problems in solid earth science; * Provide an environment for the development of new ideas that will help identify the next generation of critical experiments and observations, and to build appreciation and support for them; * Provide a venue for cross-disciplinary education of scientists at all career levels.CIDER's goals are to help improve fundamental understanding of the Earth's evolution and present dynamics through a multi-disciplinary approach. It has been 40 years since the acceptance of plate tectonics theory, but no definitive agreement has yet been reached among geoscientists on the fundamental nature of the global dynamic processes that drive plate motions. The indication that a transformative approach is needed and is likely to be successful comes from new interpretation of global seismic tomographic models, indicating the existence of multiple depth domains in the Earth that show different properties of heterogeneity as a function of wavelength and depth. This suggests each depth domain has its own dynamics, but with some degree of coupling among them. Generally, a much more complex problem than has been considered until now. Meanwhile, a new generation of disciplinary tools is becoming available that are providing unprecedented views of the Earth's interior. Major infrastructure efforts are currently under way: Earthscope's USArray (http://www.earthscope.org) provides seismologists with a high resolution "window" into the lithosphere, deep mantle and core over the North American continent; COMPRES (http://compres.us) allows mineral physicists to perform advanced measurements on mineral properties at the high P-T conditions relevant to the Earth's deep interior, and to compare them with results of "first principles" calculations. CIG (http://www.geodynamics.org) provides geodynamicists and seismologists with a unified, state of the art framework for computations of mantle and core convection and seismic wave propagation. Extensive GPS networks and satellite observations are revolutionizing the fields of geodesy and geomagnetism (e.g. EarthScope's Plate Boundary Observatory, Oersted, Champ, GRACE and Swarm). Paleomagnetic data are being assembled into the MagIC database (earthref.org/MAGIC/). In geochemistry, the enormous volumes of high quality chemical and isotopic data gathered over the past 25 years are now part of systematic and broadly accessible databases (PETDB:www.petdb.org, GEOROC georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc), and ever-improving analytical techniques are providing new perspectives on mantle processes at scales from micrometers to thousands of kilometers. Given the enormous amount and diversity of observations becoming available, a significant leap in the understanding of the constitution and evolution of our planet can be expected, if we can identify and focus on the key issues that necessarily span across disciplines, and build effective inter-disciplinary bridges to solve them.The role of CIDER-II will be to provide mechanisms for community evaluation, validation, problem reconciliation and consensus building. In each year, the activities of this "Center without walls" will be organized around a principal multi-disciplinary theme. The kick-off for each CIDER-II "theme" will be a 6-week summer program aimed at bringing together in one place researchers across disciplines, and across career levels, to define key questions that are ripe for synthesis and/or for a concerted multi-disciplinary research effort. CIDER-II will also provide support for working groups formed to address particular practical issues identified as ripe for synthesis. CIDER is inherently a broad impact program: it facilitates cross-education of earth scientists at any level in their career; it aims at educating a new generation of Earth scientists with a breadth of competence across disciplines required to make progress in understanding the dynamic earth. CIDER's web resources, including posting and webcasting of lectures given during the summer programs, as well as planned web forums and open publications, is designed to reach the entire community of earth scientists. CIDER will impact undergraduate education by producing a more broadly knowledgeable faculty cohort.