Science of Science and Innovation Policy: Principal Investigator Conference, 2007-2011 Awards

2006年，美国科学顾问约翰·H. Marburger III呼吁采取多学科方法，为国家和次国家层面的科学政策建立一个坚实的证据平台，并建立一个科学政策研究领域。 长期以来，科学和创新政策的执行者一直对获得定量数据和定性信息有着浓厚的兴趣，他们可以利用这些数据和信息做出更有效的政策决定。 包括化学、计算机科学、经济学、工程学、政治学、社会学、物理学家、心理学和视觉分析在内的多个学科的研究人员几十年来一直在寻求突破理解全球创新生态系统各种要素的界限。 响应马伯格博士的号召以及从业者和研究人员的高度兴趣，美国国家科学基金会启动了科学与创新政策计划（SciSIP），以鼓励基础研究并进一步发展该领域的实践社区。 自2007年颁发第一个奖项以来，SciSIP计划已经资助了150多名研究人员及其研究生。 该计划还催生了星星指标（美国再投资的科学和技术：衡量研究对创新，竞争力和科学的影响）计划，这是美国国家科学基金会和美国国立卫生研究院之间的合作努力。 星星计量计划开发工具和机制，通过这些工具和机制可以衡量联邦在科学活动上的支出，特别注重量化生产力和就业成果。 因此，SciSIP计划的第五年是一个重要的里程碑，也是一个展示其研究生产力和对美国和其他国家科学，工程和创新活动投资和组织的许多长期问题的贡献的适当时机。 为了与SciSIP计划的目标保持一致，美国国家科学院召开了为期两天的公开会议，以促进受资助研究人员之间以及这些研究人员与科学，技术和创新政策实践者之间的知识交流。 该会议旨在成为自该计划成立以来SciSIP主要研究人员的最大聚会。 SciSIP主要研究者会议邀请演讲和讨论，以及海报会议。 主题突出了科学和创新政策科学的新兴领域的进展。 特别是，构成科学和创新政策证据基础的模型、框架、工具和数据集是活动的重点，SciSIP研究人员的演讲分为几个主题，包括：投资回报模型;促进加速科学生产力的组织结构;商业化科学知识与创造就业机会之间的联系;大学和政府在技术转让和创新中的作用;技术传播和经济增长;科学和创新支出的非经济影响;区域和全球知识生成和创新网络;鼓励创造力和衡量变革性研究的产出和成果的机制;以及代表科学活动的数据的开发、操作和可视化。 除了SciSIP研究人员之间的讨论和合作之外，研究人员和主要从业者之间的讨论也给研究界带来了重要的好处。这个科学家和实践者的网络构成了一个富有成效的培养皿，在SciSIP领域产生了令人兴奋的新的科学探索。美国国家科学院准备了一份会议报告，圆桌会议讨论的摘要报告，以及对未来研究和数据收集，操作和可视化活动的具体建议。 报告附录中载有一些论文。 该报告包含SciSIP领域已发表论文和报告的词汇表，以及由SciSIP计划赞助的档案数据集的链接。 本报告是这一新兴领域前沿研究的概要。更广泛的影响：会议促进了几个领域的研究人员之间的跨学科对话。 它还促进学者和决策者之间的沟通和学习。 这项活动推动了SciSIP实践社区的发展。 摘要报告也是一个有用的指南，提供了从业人员在日常政策决策活动中可能使用的数据和工具。 会议也是一个丰富的场地，研究生谁是在这个领域写论文。

In 2006, U.S. Science Adviser John H. Marburger, III called for a multidisciplinary approach to creating a solid evidentiary platform for science policy at national and sub-national levels, as well as the emergence of a field of science policy studies. Science and innovation policy practitioners have long had a keen interest in obtaining quantitative data and qualitative information that they could use to deliver more effective policy decisions. Researchers in several disciplines -- including chemistry, computer science, economics, engineering, political science, sociology, physicists, psychology, and visual analytics -- have for decades sought to push the boundaries of understanding various elements of the global ecological system of innovation. Heeding Dr. Marburger's call and heightened interests of practitioners and researchers, the National Science Foundation initiated the Science of Science and Innovation Policy program (SciSIP) to encourage basic research and to further the development of a community of practice in this field. Since the first awards were made in 2007, the SciSIP program has funded more than 150 researchers and their graduate students. The program has also spawned the STAR METRICS (Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the Effect of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science) program, a collaborative effort between the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. The STAR METRICS program develops tools and mechanisms by which federal expenditures on scientific activities can be measured, with particular focus on quantifying productivity and employment outcomes. The fifth year of the SciSIP program, therefore, is a critical milestone and an opportune time to showcase its research productivity and contributions to many long-standing questions regarding investment in and organization of science, engineering and innovation activities in the U.S. and in other nations. In keeping with the goals of the SciSIP program, the National Academy of Sciences convenes a two-day public conference to foster intellectual exchange among funded researchers and between these researchers and science, technology and innovation policy practitioners. The conference is intended to be the largest gathering of SciSIP principal investigators since the program's inception. The SciSIP principal investigators conference features invited presentations and discussions, as well as poster sessions. Topics highlight advances in the emerging field of the science of science and innovation policy. In particular, models, frameworks, tools, and datasets comprising the evidentiary basis for science and innovation policy are the focus of the event, and presentations by SciSIP researchers fall under several themes, including: return on investment models; organizational structures that foster accelerated scientific productivity; linkages between commercialized scientific knowledge and job creation; the roles of universities and government in technology transfer and innovation; technology diffusion and economic growth; non-economic impacts of science and innovation expenditures; regional and global networks of knowledge generation and innovation; mechanisms for encouraging creativity and measuring outputs and outcomes from transformative research; and development, manipulation and visualization of data representing scientific activities. In addition to discussions and collaborations among the SciSIP researchers, an important benefit to the research community stems from discussions between researchers and leading practitioners. This network of scientists and practitioners constitutes a fruitful Petri dish that spawns exciting new scientific explorations in the SciSIP field.The National Academies prepares a summary report of the conference's presentations, roundtable discussions, and specific recommendations for future research and data-gathering, manipulation and visualization activities. Select papers are included in the appendix of the report. The report contains a glossary of published papers and reports in the SciSIP field, as well as links to archival datasets that were sponsored by the SciSIP program. This report constitutes a compendium of leading-edge research in this emerging field. Broader Impacts: The conference facilitates interdisciplinary discourse between researchers in several fields. It also fosters communication and learning between academicians and policymakers. This activity advances the development of the SciSIP community of practice. The summary report is also a useful guide to data and tools that practitioners may utilize in day-to-day policy decision-making activities. The conference is also a rich venue for graduate students who are writing dissertations in this field.