Science Policy Research Report: On the Relationships between Manufacturing, Innovation, National Competitiveness, and the Magnitude and Nature of Work

全球制造业中心的转移可能不仅会影响生产成本，还会改变创新的性质和速度，以及工作的数量和类型。尽管美国制造业增加值有所增长，但美国制造业工人的数量有所下降，中等收入工作岗位减少，失业工人持续遭受巨大的收入损失。提高生产率和世界各地需要的、需要美国特有的专业知识和能力的制成品，是美国增加其在制造业附加值中的全球份额的重要因素。此外，为了维护国家安全和在某些领域创新的能力，美国可能必须在当地制造某些先进的产品。报告总结了有关制造业活动从发达国家向工业化国家的全球重新分配以及这些转移对创新、国家安全以及工作的规模和性质的影响的现有文献。该报告根据这一科学证据提出了政策建议，并指出了需要进一步研究的重要领域。该报告回顾了有关制造业全球分布和制造业就业纵向趋势的公开数据，并审查了有关制造业、创新、国家安全、经济和就业性质之间关系的科学证据。对制造业中不同类别的技术变化进行了分类，并对每一类技术变化可能如何以不同方式影响就业的大小和性质进行了初步评估，同时讨论了国家行动的可能性、改进数据收集的关键领域和学术研究。

Shifts in the global locus of manufacturing may affect not just production costs, but alter the nature and pace of innovation, as well as the amount and type of jobs. Despite growth in U.S. manufacturing value added, the number of U.S. manufacturing workers has declined with fewer middle income jobs and displaced workers experiencing persistent, large earnings losses. Increasing productivity and manufactured products that are demanded worldwide and require specialized knowledge and capabilities specific to the United States are important factors for the U.S. to increase its global share of manufacturing value added. Further, for the U.S. to maintain national security and capability to innovate in certain sectors, it likely must manufacture certain advanced products locally.The report summarizes the existing literature on the global redistribution of manufacturing activity from developed to industrializing nations and the implications of those shifts for innovation, national security, and the magnitude and nature of work. The report provides recommendations for policy based on this scientific evidence and notes important areas for additional research. The report reviews publicly available data on longitudinal trends of the global distribution of manufacturing and employment in manufacturing and reviews scientific evidence on the relationship between manufacturing, innovation, national security, and economic and nature of employment. A taxonomy for different categories of technology change in manufacturing, and a preliminary assessment of how each category of technology change may influence the magnitude and nature of employment differently is provided along with a discussion of possibilities for national action, critical areas for improved data collection, and scholarly study.