Collaborative Project: GOALI: Acrylic Resins Product and Process Design through Combined Use of Quantum Chemical Calculations and Spectroscopic Methods

摘要1160169/1159736 Soroush/ RappeIntellectual Merit.在我们最近成功的GOALI工作中，我们在理解丙烯酸酯在没有任何常规热引发剂的情况下的自发热聚合方面取得了重大进展。通过有效的第一性原理量子力学密度泛函理论（DFT）计算与聚合物样品的光谱测量相结合，我们已经确定了决定性的单体自引发和链转移反应，包括反应中间体和过渡态的机制。我们还计算了反应在气相中的速率常数（频率因子和活化能），现在，在这些结果的基础上，我们建议通过协调和合作的实验和理论/计算研究，提高实验控制的丙烯酸烷基酯的热自发（不添加常规的热引发剂）聚合。为了加深我们的理论理解，计算将与越来越现实的溶剂模型，包括多个明确的溶剂分子在量子区域和最近开发的货车德瓦尔斯DFT泛函，以改善分子间的势能面。同时，将根据计算结果设计间歇反应器聚合实验，并进行评价溶剂类型、单体和溶剂浓度以及温度对聚合物链微观结构特征和聚合速率的影响。本项目的具体目标是：（a）我们会发展一个计算效率高的方法，以计算可靠的液体-自发热丙烯酸酯聚合反应的相速率常数，例如单体自引发、单体和溶剂的共引发以及链转移。(b)我们将设计和进行批量聚合实验，并使用光谱方法，测量所产生的聚合物链的微观结构特征，以验证和完善我们的理论预测。(c)使用开发的计算方法和间歇聚合实验，我们将研究各种溶剂和具有酮官能团的单体的结构-反应性关系。(d)我们将使用这些理论和实验的理解，以指导我们的计算筛选和实验验证的新型热引发剂（溶剂，允许快速，但可控的丙烯酸酯热聚合）。我们的最终目标是设计高性能丙烯酸树脂和化学自调节聚合工艺，以具有吸引力的总成本生产丙烯酸树脂。该项目的潜在影响是社会（通过改善安全），环境，经济和人力资源开发等。自发热聚合允许以较低的运营成本生产更高质量、更环保的溶剂型油漆和涂料。低分子量聚合物和低聚物溶液是否具有足够低的粘度？即使在高重量百分比的固体中？因此需要较少的溶剂来进行喷涂和刷涂。减少或消除热引发剂（例如，G.偶氮腈或有机过氧化物，通常是树脂配方中最昂贵的组分）和反应速率的提高都降低了操作成本。由于最终产品中的热引发剂（其不利地影响聚合物性质，例如耐UV辐射性）而导致的残余基团的消除以及在聚合反应器的最佳控制中使用定量理解改善了树脂质量。PI和Co-PI将培训和指导两名博士研究助理以及六名本科生（REU），他们将参与从量子级计算和超级计算到实验室实验和光谱方法的广泛研究活动。项目成果将在会议上、期刊和会议论文中向公众公布。正如我们过去的研究活动一样，来自代表性不足群体的学生将在这个项目中得到挑选、培训和指导。

Abstract1160169/1159736Soroush / RappeIntellectual Merit. In our recent successful GOALI work, we have made significant advances in understanding the spontaneous thermal polymerization of acrylates in the absence of any conventional thermal initiators. By combining efficient first-principles quantum-mechanical density functional theory (DFT) calculations with spectroscopic measurements of polymer samples, we have identified conclusively the mechanisms for monomer self-initiation and chain transfer reactions, including the reaction intermediates and transition states. We also calculated rate constants (frequency factors and activation energies) for the reactions in the gas phase.Now, building on these results, we propose to improve experimental control of the thermal spontaneous (without addition of conventional thermal initiators) polymerization of alkyl acrylates through coordinated and collaborative experimental and theoretical/computational research. To deepen our theoretical understanding, calculations will be performed with increasingly realistic solvent models, including multiple explicit solvent molecules in the quantum region and recently-developed van der Waals DFT functionals, to improve intermolecular potential energy surfaces. Concurrently, batch reactor polymerization experiments will be designed on the basis of the computational results and conducted to evaluate the influence of solvent type, monomer and solvent concentrations, and temperature on polymer-chain microstructural characteristics and polymerization rate.The specific goals of this project are: (a) We will develop a computationally efficient method of calculating reliable liquid-phase rate constants for spontaneous thermal acrylate polymerization reactions such as monomer self-initiation, co-initiation by monomer and solvent, and chain transfer. (b) We will design and conduct batch polymerization experiments and, using spectroscopic methods, measure the microstructural characteristics of the produced polymer chains to validate and refine our theoretical predictions. (c) Using the developed computational method and batch polymerization experiments, we will study the structure-reactivity relationship for various solvents and monomers with a ketone functional group. (d) We will use these theoretical and experimental understandings to guide our computational screening and experimental validation of novel thermal initiators (solvents that permit rapid but controllable thermal polymerization of acrylates). Our ultimate goal is to design high-performance acrylic resins and chemically self-regulated polymerization processes for the production of acrylic resins at attractive overall cost.Broader Impacts. The potential impacts of this project are societal (through improved safety), environmental, economic, and in human resource development, among others. Spontaneous thermal polymerization allows for the production of higher quality, environmentally friendlier solvent-borne paints and coatings at lower operating costs. Low molecular weight polymer and oligomer solutions have adequately low viscosity?even at high weight percent solids?thus requiring less solvent to be sprayable and brushable. The reduction or elimination of thermal initiators (e. g. azonitrile or organic peroxides, normally the most expensive component of a resin formula) and the increase of reaction rate both lower the operating costs. The elimination of residual groups due to the thermal initiators in the final product (which adversely affect polymer properties such as resistance to UV radiation) and the use of the quantitative understanding in optimal control of the polymerization reactors improve the resin quality. The PIs and Co-PI will train and mentor two doctoral research assistants as well as six undergraduate (REU) students, who will participate in broad range of research activities from quantum-level computations and supercomputing to laboratory experiments and spectroscopic methods. The project results will be released to the public at conferences and in journal and conference proceedings papers. As in our past research activities, students from under-represented groups will be selected, trained and mentored in this project.