Doctoral Dissertation Research in Political Science: Monopolies of Violence.

该项目的重点是贫民窟中的帮派行为，这些帮派很快将吸纳全世界10亿人。虽然帮派的主要动机是在这些地区垄断暴力和销售毒品，但许多帮派对当地民众实行各种形式的治理。本论文项目将试图描绘这种变化的原因，并跟踪如何以及为什么帮派随着时间的推移从事这种做法。在许多贫民窟，国家在历史上一直缺席。帮派组织取代国家，成为主要的政治行动者。一些帮派实施了反应迅速的法律和司法制度，而另一些则没有。在这种情况下，根除或控制帮派需要考虑到他们所扮演的角色，这项研究将涉及对可能解释帮派治理变化的结构因素进行定量分析，包括警务策略，敌对帮派的入侵，民间社会的力量以及贫民窟的选举价值。 该研究还将包括深入的定性案例研究、半结构化访谈和居民调查，以更好地了解帮派治理做法，并随着时间的推移对其进行追踪。 该项目将能够论证各种武装行为体之间更明确的联系和共同点，并澄清各种背景因素的影响。此外，该项目将展示帮派如何应对随着时间的推移不断变化的情况，这将提供一个更动态的帮派治理帐户。该项目除了参与关于武装团体及其与平民关系的重要理论辩论外，还对许多发展中国家的城市公共政策产生了重要影响。世界近一半人口生活在城市环境中，不久，全世界将有10亿多人生活在贫民窟和棚户区。其中许多都有帮派存在，帮派与居民发展的关系类型仍然是基本经济福利、公共产品的提供、民主做法的发展以及易受暴力和恐吓影响程度的最大决定因素。多个州正在积极对抗城市帮派和贩运组织，并努力遏制它们。公共政策界的一种假设是，随着加强治安和提供资源，帮派的存在和暴力将自动减少，这种假设是有问题的。该提案表明，帮派是战略性和计算性的参与者，可以产生各种结果，需要采取多方面和长期的方法才能完全消除或控制。该项目的成果将与决策者和学术界分享。

This project focuses on the practices of gangs in slums, which will soon incorporate a billion people worldwide. Although gangs' primary motivation is a monopoly of violence and the sale of drugs in these areas, many have engaged in various forms of governance over the local populace. This dissertation project will seek to delineate the causes of this variation and trace how and why gangs have engaged in such practices over time. In many slums, the state has been historically absent. In place of the state, gang organizations constitute the major political actors. Some gangs implement responsive systems of law and justice, while others do not. Eradicating or controlling gangs in these contexts requires taking into account the roles they play.This research will involve quantitative analysis of the structural factors that that may explain variations in gang governance, including policing tactics, incursions by rival gangs, strength of civil society, and the electoral value of the slum. The research will also include in-depth qualitative case studies, semi-structured interviews and resident surveys in order to better understand gang governance practices and trace them over time. This project will be able to argue for more explicit links and commonalities between various armed actors as well as clarify the impact of various contextual factors. Furthermore, this project will demonstrate how gangs have responded to changing circumstances over time that will provide a more dynamic account of gang governance. This project has important ramifications for urban public policy in much of the developing world in addition to engaging with important theoretical debates concerning armed groups and their relationships to civilians. Nearly half of the world lives in urban contexts and, soon, more than a billion people worldwide will live in slums and shantytowns. Gangs are present in many of these, and the types of relationships that gangs develop with residents remains the biggest determinant of basic economic welfare, provision of public goods, development of democratic practices and levels of vulnerability to violence and intimidation. Multiple states are actively confronting urban gangs and trafficking organizations and struggling to contain them. The assumption in public policy circles that gang presence and violence will automatically decrease with greater policing and provision of resources is problematic. This proposal suggests gangs are strategic and calculating players that can produce a variety of outcomes and will require a multifaceted and long-term approach in order to fully eradicate or control. The results from this project will be shared with both policymakers and academic audiences.