DAT: From bench to biosphere: a critical analysis of effective deployment and commercialization of clean energy technology

加快清洁能源技术的发明和应用是一项重要的国家优先事项。对这些挑战的认识促使最近清洁能源技术的专利申请和投资增加。然而，人们对这些技术如何进入市场以及如何实施政策以提高其传播和应用速度知之甚少。这项研究发展并描述了五个衡量标准之间的关系：未来专利引用(一个广泛使用的专利影响的黄金标准)；网络搜索点击量和这些点击量的内容分析；清洁能源科学家的专家评估；对清洁能源发明家的调查；以及案例研究。智力价值：这项研究调查了五个关键问题：1.按领域(生物燃料、地热、水能、太阳能、风能)组织(工业、政府实验室、大学、个人发明家)和按地理(美国各州和国际)划分的清洁能源技术和发明来源的趋势是什么。2.突破的来源是什么？它们在各个领域有何不同？3.清洁能源技术是如何从实验室传播到应用的？瓶颈在哪里？可以做些什么来打破它们？4.政府资金如何影响这些过程？为什么资金在一个领域有效，而在另一个领域无效？5.为什么一些技术突破在部署上失败？这项研究开发了一个全面的数据集来解决这些问题。因此，它超越了历史上对案例研究的依赖，案例研究虽然信息量很大，描述性很强，但仍然难以概括和量化。它开发了关于科学、发明和部署过程的系统和完整的数据，以帮助了解最佳投资和投资组合管理的问题。更广泛的影响：长期以来，人们普遍认为，对研究的投资极大地促进了技术进步，最终提高了经济生产率和生活水平。这项研究在清洁能源的背景下促进了公众的理解-在这个过程中，为专利技术所有领域的研究人员计算、描述和发布了一种新的基于网络的措施。这一基于网络的衡量标准提供了一种自动化的、普遍计算的衡量标准，它超越了目前专利引用的标准，将其作为专利质量的指标。

The acceleration of the invention and deployment of clean energy technologies is an important national priority. Awareness of these challenges has elicited a recent increase in patenting and investment in clean energy technologies. Yet, there is little understanding of how these technologies enter the market and how policies can be implemented that increase their rate of diffusion and application. This research develops and characterizes the relationships between five measures: future patent citations (a widely used though far from "golden" standard of patent impact); web search hits and content analyses of those hits; expert assessments from clean energy scientists; a survey of clean energy inventors; and case studies. Intellectual Merit: The research investigates five key questions: 1. What are the trends in clean energy technologies and sources of inventions by field (biofuels, geothermal, hydro, solar, wind) organization (industry, government lab, universities, individual inventor), and by geography (U.S. states and international). 2. What are the sources of breakthroughs? How and why do they differ by field? 3. How do clean energy technologies diffuse from lab to application? Where are the bottlenecks and what can be done to break them? 4. How does government funding influence these processes? Why is funding effective in one field and not another? 5. Why do some technical breakthroughs fail in deployment?The research develops a comprehensive dataset to address these questions. As such, it goes beyond the historical reliance on case studies, which while highly informative and richly descriptive, remain difficult to generalize and quantify. It develops a systematic and complete data on the science, invention, and deployment processes to help inform questions of optimal investment and portfolio management. Broader Impacts: It has long been received wisdom that investment in research greatly facilitates the technological progress that ultimately improves economic productivity and living standards. The research advances public understanding in the context of clean energy - and in the process, calculates, characterizes, and publishes a novel web-based measure for researchers in all fields of patented technology. The web-based measure provides an automated and universally calculated measure that goes beyond the current standard of patent citations as an indicator of patent quality.