Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: "Proyecto Omo: Social Differentiation and Mortuary Variability at the Provincial Tiwanaku Site Omo M10 (Moquegua, Peru)"

在保罗·S·戈尔茨坦博士的指导下，莎拉·拜策尔将分析和比较与高海拔提瓦纳库文化(公元500-1000年)相关的埋葬环境，提瓦纳库文化是南美洲安第斯山脉出现的最早的扩张国家之一。这些墓葬是2010-2011年在奥莫M10遗址挖掘的，奥莫M10是位于秘鲁南部安第斯山脉西坡莫夸加山谷的提瓦纳库殖民地。虽然这部作品关注的是单一的史前文化，但它在知识上的相关性是广泛的，具有当今的意义，因为它提供了对不同种族身份的成员能够融入一个统一的社会群体的机制的洞察。作为唯一带有寺庙的提瓦纳库殖民定居点，奥莫M10遗址作为宗教或行政中心在该地区占据了重要的角色。位于寺庙周围的13个墓地的墓葬在空间上的分离构成了这一比较研究的基础。通过测试墓地供奉和悼念活动的分布模式是否与墓地的空间分区相对应，该项目将调查这以何种方式反映了提瓦纳库殖民社会的社会秩序。来自Omo M10的独特的大容量和保存完好的墓葬样本将使贝策尔能够全面调查葬礼仪式，从人类遗骸和陶器等更传统的材料，到罕见的保存完好的布料和食物。在早期复杂社会的研究中，理解个体如何形成和维持其作为民族亲属群体的成员和新兴国家的参与者的社会身份，是研究早期复杂社会的核心。殡仪馆考古学为这项调查提供了两个明显的优势：它直接将葬礼活动的物质证据与死者联系起来。此外，它还关注一段社会危机时期，在此期间，社区成员的死亡需要哀悼者重申并公开主张和展示他们的从属关系。因此，这项研究为提瓦纳库和安第斯考古学提供了一个新的视角，研究仪式如何创造和维持不同的身份社会关系；研究结果也将为世界各地类似的复杂社会研究提供一个比较案例研究。一种量化的、以物质为导向的方法论和对社会实践、仪式和身份形成的理论关注相结合，架起了殡葬考古学领域分裂和分歧的思想流派的桥梁。这项研究将在当地和国际层面产生更广泛的影响。这项研究产生的数据将提供一个比较样本和数据库，作为未来研究的资源，并将成为美国即将进行的几个博士论文项目的基础。拟议的分析汇集了来自美国(佛罗里达大学、亚利桑那州立大学)和秘鲁机构(利马大学)的专家和学生，以提供合作和培训的机会。为同行评议的期刊和公众读者撰写的出版物将以英语和西班牙语提供给当地机构和图书馆；研究报告将面向美国、秘鲁和智利的学术受众以及莫夸加的普通公众。将特别重视通过当地机构和媒体向公众传播这项研究，以增进对该地区史前历史的了解，并提高对保护文化遗产的认识。

Under the supervision of Dr. Paul S. Goldstein, Sarah Baitzel will analyze and compare burial contexts associated with the high-altitude Tiwanaku culture (A.D. 500-1000), one of the earliest expansive states to arise in the South American Andes. The burials were excavated in 2010-2011 at the site of Omo M10, a Tiwanaku colony located in the Moquegua Valley of Southern Peru on the western slopes of the Andes. Although the work focuses on a single prehistoric culture its intellectual relevance is broad and has present day relevance because it provides insight into the mechanisms through which members of diverse ethnic identities were able to integrate into a unified social group.Being the only Tiwanaku colonial settlement with a temple, the Omo M10 site occupied an important role in the region as a religious or administrative center. The spatial separation of burials into 13 cemeteries located around the temple forms the basis for this comparative research. By testing whether patterns in the distribution of grave offerings and mourning activities correspond with the spatial sectoring of cemeteries, this project will investigate in what ways this reflected the social order of Tiwanaku colonial society. The uniquely large and well-preserved burial sample from Omo M10 will allow Ms. Baitzel to investigate funerary rituals in their entirety, ranging from more traditional materials like human remains and pottery to rare preserved cloth and food items. Understanding how individuals formed and maintained their social identity as members both of ethnic kin groups and participants in newly emerging states plays a central role in the study of early complex societies. Mortuary archaeology offers two distinct advantages for this investigation: it directly links material evidence of funerary activities to the deceased individuals. In addition, it focuses on a period of social crisis, during which the death of a community member requires mourners to reaffirm and public assert and display their affiliation. Accordingly, this research contributes to Tiwanaku and Andean archaeology a new perspective of how rituals created and maintained different identities social relations; the results will also present a comparative case study for similar research on complex societies around the world. The combination of a quantitative, material-oriented methodology and a theoretical focus on social practice, ritual and identity formation bridges divided and diverging schools of thought in the field of mortuary archaeology. This research will have a broader impact both at the local and international level. The data resulting from this research will provide a comparative sample and database that will serve as a resource for future investigations, and will form the basis of several upcoming doctoral dissertation projects in the U.S. The proposed analyses bring together specialists and students from U.S. (University of Florida, Arizona State University) and Peruvian institutions (Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Lima) to provide opportunities for collaboration and training. The resulting publications written for peer-reviewed journals and a public audience will be made available to local institutions and libraries in English and Spanish; presentations of the research will be directed towards academic audiences in the U.S., Peru and Chile, as well as the general public in Moquegua. Special emphasis will be placed on disseminating this research to the public through local institutions and media to advance understanding of the region's prehistory and to raise awareness about conservation of cultural patrimony.