RAPID: Assessing Resiliency among Rural, Suburban, and Urban Communities Following the Thailand Floods Of 2011

在20世纪，洪水是美国自然灾害造成的生命损失和财产损失最多的原因。随着越来越多的美国人迁移到沿海社区和泛滥平原，这一趋势将在21世纪继续下去。不幸的是，对于是什么让一些社区比其他社区更能抵御洪水，目前还没有达成共识。一般说来，“社区复原力”指的是从不利情况中恢复过来的能力。自从《兵库行动框架》(2005-2015)获得通过以来，这一概念获得了广泛的关注，该框架呼吁各国建立更大的社区复原力。虽然灾害学者开发了许多指标来衡量复原力，并将这些维度大致归类为生态、社会、经济、机构、基础设施和社区能力(Cutter等人，2008年；Cutter等人，2010年；Chang&amp；Shinozuka，2004；Manyena，2006；Morrow，2008年)，但这些研究仅限于美国和静态的次要数据。拟议的项目旨在通过评估泰国社区如何应对2011年的洪水来填补这些空白。2011年困扰泰国八个多月的严重洪灾是由热带风暴诺腾引发的。湄公河和湄南河流域的暴雨泛滥导致严重的内陆洪水，影响到该国76个省中的65个，超过1200万人。我们的项目调查了农村(巴吞他尼)、郊区(大城府)和城市(曼谷)社区在这种长期洪灾后反弹能力的差异。它是以Cutter等人提出的地方(跌落)灾难模型为指导的。(2008)，它使用(美国)县级空间数据来描述特定地理区域和跨越政治边界的灾害复原力。美国研究团队和泰国合作者将使用半结构化采访的方式，采访来自45-50个公共、私人和非营利组织的主要参与者。我们将记录最早用于满足民众从短期复苏向长期复苏过渡的需求的过程、计划和政策。将收集短暂的数据，记录服务于农村、郊区和城市洪灾灾民的组织最初是如何做出和/或改变决定的。这些数据将被用来理解临时政策和流动的治理机制，这些机制可能解释社区在不同司法管辖区和地理单位对洪水的复原力的差异。回到美国后，一份电子调查将被发送给泰国的其他300个组织，以从更大的样本中收集信息。这项研究在以下方面做出了理论和实践贡献：1)帮助验证Drop模型并测试其在国际环境中的适用性；2)利用在受洪灾影响的社区组织层面收集的实时数据，扩充或修改Drop模型中使用的指标；3)强调多部门组织在从短期到长期恢复期间建立社区复原力的属性；4)允许跨文化理解和国际知识交流，以支持NSF和来自世界各地的灾害学者的更广泛努力。该奖项由民事司共同资助，机械与制造创新和国际科学与工程办公室的全球风险基金。

During the 20th century, floods were the cause of the most number of lives lost and property damage from natural disasters in the United States (US). This trend will continue in the 21st century as more Americans migrate to coastal communities and floodplains. Unfortunately there is no consensus on what makes some communities more resilient to floods than others. Generally, the term "community resiliency" refers to the capability to rebound from an adverse situation. The concept has gained widespread interest since the adoption of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), which calls on nations to build greater community resiliency. While disaster scholars have developed numerous indicators to measure resiliency and broadly classified the dimensions as ecological, social, economic, institutional, infrastructure, and community competencies (Cutter et al., 2008; Cutter et al., 2010; Chang & Shinozuka, 2004; Manyena, 2006; Morrow, 2008), these studies have been limited to the US and to static, secondary data. The proposed project aims to fill these gaps by assessing how communities in Thailand responded to the 2011 floods. The severe floods that plagued Thailand for over eight months in 2011 were triggered by Tropical Storm Nock-ten. The storm water overflows along the Mekong and Chao Phraya River basins resulted in severe inland flooding, affecting 65 of the country's 76 provinces and over 12 million people. Our project examines the disparities in the abilities of rural (Pathum Thani), suburban (Ayutthaya), and urban (Bangkok) communities, to rebound after such prolonged flooding. It is guided by the Disaster of Place (DROP) model, proposed by Cutter et al. (2008), which used county level spatial data (in the US) to describe disaster resilience in specific geographic areas and across political boundaries. The US research team and Thai collaborators will interview key participants from 45-50 public, private, and non-profit organizations, using semi-structured interviews. We will document the earliest processes, programs, and policies used to address the needs of the populace as they transitioned from short-term to long-term recovery. Ephemeral data will be collected documenting how decisions were initially made and/or changed by organizations serving rural, suburban and urban flood victims. These data will be used to understand ad hoc policies and fluid governance mechanisms that are likely to explain variations in community resiliency to floods across jurisdictions and geographic units. Upon return to the US, an e-survey will be sent to 300 other organizations in Thailand to gather information from a larger sample. This research makes theoretical and practical contributions by, 1) Helping to validate the DROP model and testing its applicability in an international setting, 2) Augmenting or modifying the indicators used in the DROP model with real-time data gathered at the organizational level in flood impacted communities, 3) Emphasizing the attributes of multi-sector organizations in building community resiliency during the transition from short-term to long term recovery and, 4) Allowing for cross cultural understanding, and international knowledge exchange that supports the broader efforts of NSF and disaster scholars from around the world.This award was jointly funded by the Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation and the Office of International Science and Engineering's Global Venture Fund.