Perceptual Categorization in Real-World Expertise

具有感知力的人擅长在光线和伪装较差的情况下，一目了然地快速识别专门的物体。法医专家可以准确地将样本与可能较小、扭曲或污迹的潜在指纹进行匹配。专业放射科医生可以迅速将医学图像归类为正常图像或癌症图像。这个项目沿着从新手到专家在两个真实世界感知领域的连续统一体检查感知、分类和认同。总体目标是了解基本的感知和认知机制是如何通过经验和专业知识进行调整和修改的。这个项目产生的模型将使我们能够理解现实世界感性专业知识的发展，并验证基于理论的专家绩效衡量标准。为什么要学习感性的专业知识呢？就像有天赋的运动员挑战他们身体的极限，或者获奖的数学家挑战他们思想的极限一样，感性专家挑战他们感知系统的极限。也许有了更好的感知专家标记和对人们如何成为感知专家的更好理解，我们可以更有效地识别潜在的感知专家，更有效地培训新的感知专家，并更彻底地评估现有的感知专家。学习感知技能也可以帮助我们理解我们所有人都拥有的各种日常技能，比如识别人脸或阅读单词。这可以为教育和劳动力培训带来新的见解，以及对大脑损伤或疾病的破坏如何导致感知和学习缺陷的新见解，并可能为未来在评估、干预或治疗方面的突破提供信息。

People with perceptual expertise are skilled at making rapid identifications of specialized objects at a glance, often in poor light and camouflage. Forensic experts can accurately match exemplars to latent fingerprints that may be small, distorted, or smudged. Expert radiologists can quickly categorize medical images as normal or cancerous. This project examines perception, categorization, and identification along the continuum from novice to expert performance in two real-world perceptual domains. The overall aim is to understand how fundamental perceptual and cognitive mechanisms are tuned and modified by experience and expertise. The models arising from this project will enable us to understand the development of real-world perceptual expertise and to validate theoretically-grounded measures of expert performance. Why study perceptual expertise? Just as gifted athletes push the limits of their bodies, or prize-winning mathematicians push the limits of their minds, perceptual experts push the limits of their perceptual systems. Perhaps with better markers of perceptual expertise and a better understanding of how people become perceptual experts, we could identify potential perceptual experts more effectively, train new perceptual experts more efficiently, and evaluate existing perceptual experts more thoroughly. Studying perceptual expertise can also help inform our understanding of the kinds of everyday expertise that we all have, such as recognizing faces or reading words. This can yield new insights into education and workforce training along with new insights into how the ravages of brain damage or disease might lead to perceptual and learning deficits and potentially inform future breakthroughs in evaluation, intervention, or treatment.