Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Terraces, Warfare, and Climate Change: Late Intermediate Period Agricultural Risk Management Strategies Puno, Peru (A.D. 1100-1450)

在David Browman博士的指导下，BrieAnna Langlie女士将进行考古发掘和分析古代植物遗迹，以测量秘鲁的的喀喀湖附近安第斯山脉的农民如何调整他们的农业战略，以应对秘鲁中期后期（LIP；公元1100-1450年）的长期干旱和激烈战争。在这个不稳定的时期，一个名叫科拉的交战民族占领了农业梯田两侧的山顶堡垒。这项研究将在Colla最大的堡垒之一Machu Llaqta进行，并将检验人类农业适应能力，作为了解气候变化和战争对人们日常生活的相对重要性的指标。方法包括挖掘马丘拉克塔附近的梯田，利用测年方法确定梯田的年龄，以及分析先前挖掘的古代植物遗骸。测年方法包括光激发发光测年和加速器质谱测年。对古代植物遗迹的分析包括对保存下来的种子和茎的鉴定，以及从堡垒生活区回收的淀粉粒残留物，以及从邻近农业梯田中回收的土壤中的花粉分析。本研究将阐明促动LIP食品生产、农业技术和植物采购策略的具体社会和环境因素。研究人员目前对古代安第斯气候变化和战争的严重性提出质疑。这些新数据将为理解LIP期间感知到的战争和气候变化的严重程度提供一个指标。确定古代altiplano（高海拔）农民何时建造梯田将是了解的的喀喀湖盆地农业的重大进展。虽然以前的研究只是概括了高原梯田农业的影响，但兰利女士的发现将直接将梯田技术与秘鲁安第斯山脉的史前和环境年代学联系起来。这些数据将涉及该地区更广泛的理论讨论，如气候变化、政治对农业的参与以及农业集约化背后的动机。该项目旨在研究传统生态知识在典型边缘景观中的深刻历史，特别是在气候变化和战争时期。当地开发的土著知识为环境和社会可持续的农业提供了适当的模式。由于预计下个世纪全球气温将上升，社会和环境可持续性的本地模式将至关重要。阶地农业是一种持久的、可持续的耕作方式，本研究对阶地农业在当地深层次的政治生态可持续性进行了检验。兰利女士的调查建立在美国和秘鲁研究人员15年合作的基础上，这是位于秘鲁普诺的科拉苏约考古研究所的一部分。该项目的重要成果将是培养研究生，并为该地区未来的考古调查提供资源。国际合作将是这个项目的一个组成部分。秘鲁文化部、科拉苏约考古研究所、朗利女士和美国其他研究人员的合作促进并促进了强有力的国际合作。

Under the guidance of Dr. David Browman, Ms. BrieAnna Langlie will conduct archaeological excavations and analyze ancient plant remains to measure how farmers in the Peruvian Andes near Lake Titicaca adapted their agricultural strategies to account for a period of prolonged drought and intense warfare during the Peruvian Late Intermediate period (LIP; A.D. 1100-1450). During this unstable time, a warring ethnic group called the Colla occupied nucleated hilltop forts flanked by agricultural terraces. This research will be carried out at one of the largest Colla fortresses called Machu Llaqta, and will examine human agricultural adaptation as a metric to understand the relative importance of climate change and warfare to peoples' daily lives. Methods include excavations of terraces adjacent to Machu Llaqta, utilization of dating methods to determine the age of terraces, and analyses of previously excavated ancient plant remains. Dating methods include optically stimulated luminescence dating and accelerator mass spectrometry dating of radiocarbon. Analyses of ancient plant remains consist of identification of preserved seeds and stems, and starch grain residues recovered from the living quarters of the fort, and pollen analysis of soils recovered from adjacent agricultural terraces. This research will clarify the specific social and environmental factors that motivated LIP food production, agricultural technologies, and plant procurement strategies. Researchers currently contest the severities of ancient Andean climate change and warfare. These new data will provide a metric for understanding the perceived severity of warfare and climate change during the LIP. Identifying when ancient altiplano (high altitude) farmers constructed terraces will be a major advancement in the understanding of Titicaca basin agriculture. While previous research has only generalized about the impact of terrace agriculture in the altiplano, Ms. Langlie's findings will directly correlate terrace technology to the pre-history and environmental chronology of the Peruvian Andes. These data will address wider theoretical discussions in the region such as climate change, political involvement in agriculture, and the motivations behind agricultural intensification. This project aims to study the deep time history of traditional ecological knowledge in a characteristically marginal landscape, especially during a period of climate change and warfare. Locally developed indigenous knowledge provides an appropriate model for environmentally and socially sustainable agriculture. With the impending worldwide increase in annual temperature predicted in the next century, local models of social and environmental sustainability will be essential. This research tests the local deep time political ecological sustainability of terrace agriculture, which remains an enduring and sustainable farming method. Ms. Langlie's investigation builds on the fifteen-year collaboration between U.S. and Peruvian researchers as part of the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute located in Puno, Peru. Important results of this project will be graduate student training, and improved resources for future archaeological investigations in the region. International collaboration will be an integral part of this project. The cooperation of the Ministerio de Cultura in Peru, the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute, Ms. Langlie, and other researchers in the U.S. foster and promote strong international collaborations.