RAPID: Commuter Adaptation to Transportation Disruption in Hurricane Sandy's Aftermath

这项快速反应研究资助（RAPID）将收集有关运输相关压力和通勤者适应运输中断以及与纽约大都会区飓风桑迪相关的临时政策和服务变化的重要易逝数据。 一个团队将通过调查收集不断变化的交通方式、出发时间和其他与旅行有关的选择和压力水平。 这些数据允许测试假设，如（1）有限的交通可用性和拥挤的延误改变了工作旅行的时间;（2）以前的个人车辆通勤者更有可能在更大的拼车（HOV 3+）限制下拼车，而不是乘坐公交车;（3）女性，老年人和低收入通勤者比其他人报告更多的交通相关压力;（4）更高的压力水平来自更长的通勤时间和更多的中断天数;（5）通勤中断的时间跨度对于收入较低，受教育程度较低和非白人人群更高。 该研究的数据和模型将增强对通勤者适应交通系统中断事件、临时交通政策和燃料短缺的理解。 其结果将通过允许需求预测来指导未来的综合运输弹性研究。没有适当的需求模型，复原力研究依赖于基于判断的需求估计，这可能导致对连通性和容量需求的错误估计。根据低估采取行动可能会导致旅行者沮丧，延误，并在已经紧张的时间内失去生产力，而高估可能导致过度支出。大多数运输中断分析只侧重于公路网络，而不是过境和多式联运系统。因此，依赖过境运输的城市很少有经过测试的做法，可以为缓解和恢复计划提供信息。本研究解决了这一差距，并确定了未来活动和其他地点的政策。此外，压力构成了一个典型的不可测量的中断成本，其研究可以提高对交通中断如何影响认知过程和适应的理解，建议公共和私人干预措施，以改善公共健康。

This Rapid Response Research Grant (RAPID) will collect important, perishable data on transport-related stress and commuter adaptation to transportation disruptions and temporary policy and service changes related to Hurricane Sandy in the New York Metropolitan area. A team will collect changing transportation modes, departure times, and other travel-related choices and stress levels through a survey. The data allow testing of hypotheses such as (1) delays experienced with limited transit availability and crowding change the timing of work trips; (2) previous personal vehicle commuters are more likely to carpool under greater carpooling (HOV3+) restrictions than to take transit; (3) commuters that are women, older, and lower income report more transport-related stress than others; (4) higher stress levels result from longer commute lengths and more days of disruption; and (5) the timespan of commuting disruption is higher for lower income, less educated, and non-white populations. The study's data and models will enhance understanding of commuter adaptability to events that disrupt the transportation system, temporary transportation policies, and fuel shortages. Its outcomes will guide future, comprehensive transportation resiliency studies by allowing demand predictions. Without appropriate demand models, resilience studies rely on judgment-based demand estimates, which can lead to misestimation of connectivity and capacity needs. Acting according to underestimates can cause traveler frustration, delays, and lost productivity in an already stressful time, while overestimates can lead to excessive expenditures. Most transportation disruption analyses focus exclusively on road networks, rather than transit and multi-modal systems. Thus, transit dependent cities have few tested practices with which to inform mitigation and recovery plans. This study addresses this gap and identifies policies for future events and other locations. Furthermore, stress constitutes a typically unmeasured cost of disruption, and its study can improve understanding of how transportation disruptions influence cognitive processes and adaptation, suggesting both public and private interventions to improve public health.