International Criminal Law and Regional Human Rights Courts

最近关于国际社会在起诉灭绝种族罪、战争罪和危害人类罪方面的作用的学术研究侧重于冷战结束以来设立的国际刑事法院。但是，还有一种替代的国际问责机制，它也可以追溯到冷战结束，也是通过国际法院的干预而形成的，也值得研究：区域人权系统对命令和监督国家起诉国际罪行行使的管辖权。区域人权法院开始了一种准刑事做法，力求实现与国际刑事法庭相同的结果：惩罚和威慑、恢复性司法、社会和解进程和司法制度改革。此外，这种形式的管辖权具有独特的特点：它促进由国家(而不是国际社会)支付费用的地方起诉；它在地方一级，在受犯罪伤害最严重的社区中进行；其过程对受害者的需求作出反应。美洲人权法院尤其将对国家支持的严重罪行的国家起诉作为其区域议程的中心内容。拟议的项目审查美洲法院的准刑事管辖权是否以及在何种情况下导致惩罚、社会和解进程和国家司法制度改革。该项目采用定量和定性相结合的方法，包括在秘鲁、哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加的实地考察，将评估美洲法院干预措施的效力。该项目将有助于了解国际法院的命令在哪些条件下对当地产生影响，以及各国选择在哪些条件下起诉国际犯罪。

Recent scholarship on the international community's role in prosecution of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity has focused on the international criminal courts created since the close of the Cold War. But there is an alternative international mechanism of accountability that also dates from the Cold War's end, also takes shape through the intervention of an international court, and also deserves study: the jurisdiction exercised by the regional human rights systems for ordering and monitoring national prosecutions of international crimes. The regional rights courts have embarked on a quasi-criminal practice that seeks to achieve the same outcomes as the international criminal tribunals: punishment and deterrence, restorative justice, processes of societal reconciliation, and justice system reform. Further, this form of jurisdiction has unique features: it promotes prosecutions that are local and paid for by the state (rather than the international community); it takes place at the local level, in the midst of the communities most harmed by the crimes; and its process is responsive to victims' needs. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights in particular has made national prosecution of gross state-sponsored crimes a center-piece of its regional agenda. The proposed project examines whether and under what circumstances the Inter-American Court's quasi-criminal jurisdiction results in punishment, processes of societal reconciliation, and national justice system reform. Employing a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods, including fieldwork in Peru, Colombia and Costa Rica, the project will assess the efficacy of the Inter-American Court's interventions. The project will contribute to knowledge about the conditions under which international courts orders have a local impact, and the conditions under which states choose to prosecute international crimes.