Transformative Behavior of Energy, Water and Carbon in the Critical Zone II: Interactions between Long- and Short-term Processes that Control Delivery of Critical Zone Services

临界区（CZ）之所以被称为临界区，是因为它在维持地球生命方面发挥着重要作用。地表植被、土壤和断裂岩石的这层薄薄的表层不断注入淡水和气体的循环，并通过持续的构造隆起和侵蚀循环支持生物活动和风化过程。这些流体通过多孔CZ的流量和它所支持的分布式生物活动，改变了地质时间尺度上的基质和景观。CZ结构的这种长期“演变”直接影响其作为水和大气气体的“过滤器”的功能，从而为环境和人类提供必要的CZ“服务”。在半干旱的美国西南部，CZ的山区特别重要，因为它们提供了维持不断增长的城市和郊区人口的高比例的水。赫梅兹河流域-圣卡塔利纳山临界带观测站（JRB-SCM CZO）成立于2009年，是位于赫梅兹（NM）和圣卡塔利纳（AZ）山脉的“天然实验室”，重点是量化气候、岩性和扰动对CZ结构、功能和长期演变的影响。CZO在降水和温度方面跨越了较大的梯度，代表了美国西南部较大的水资源有限的地区。 JRB-SCM CZO团队由水文学家，生物学家，土壤科学家，地球化学家，地貌学家组成，他们在仪表流域共同开发数据和模型，以便更好地了解控制CZ演变的耦合地表过程。CZO正在培训学生和博士后科学家，使他们能够熟练掌握CZ科学的新兴领域，该领域专注于传统地球科学学科之间的接口，以便更好地解决这些耦合过程。学生还直接参与开发新颖的方法，将他们的研究成果转化为公众，包括通过开放科学讲座，多媒体演示，博物馆展览和K-12课程。因此，CZO团队包括本科生和研究生，与博士后科学家，教师和技术人员一起工作，不仅是一个服务于地球科学界的功能和动态观测站，而且是一个综合的，跨学科的CZ科学新领域，与人口日益增加，但水资源有限的美国西南部直接相关。

The critical zone (CZ) is termed as such because of its essential role in sustaining life on Earth. This thin veneer of vegetation, soil and fractured rock at the earth's surface is constantly infused with the circulation of fresh water and gases, and supports biological activity and weathering processes through persistent cycles of tectonic uplift and erosion. The flux of these fluids through the porous CZ and the distributed biological activity it supports, alter the matrix and landscape over geological time scales. This long-term "evolution" of CZ structure directly affects its ability to function as a "filter" for water and atmospheric gases, and hence to provide essential CZ "services" for the environment and humanity. In the semi-arid southwestern US, mountain regions of the CZ are particularly important because they provide a high proportion of the water that sustains growing urban and sub-urban populations. The Jemez River Basin - Santa Catalina Mountains Critical Zone Observatory (JRB-SCM CZO), established in 2009, is a "natural laboratory" located in the Jemez (NM) and Santa Catalina (AZ) mountains that focuses on quantifying the effects of climate, lithology, and disturbance on CZ structure, function and long-term evolution. The CZO spans a large gradient in precipitation and temperature representative of the larger, water-limited southwestern US. The JRB-SCM CZO team comprises hydrologists, biologists, soil scientists, geochemists, geomorphologists working together in instrumented watersheds to develop data and models that enable an improved understanding of the coupled surface earth processes that control CZ evolution. The CZO is training students and postdoctoral scientists to be fluent in an emerging field of CZ science that focuses on the interfaces between the traditional earth science disciplines in order to better resolve these coupled processes. Students are also directly involved in the development of novel approaches to translate their research for the public, including via open science talks, multi-media presentations, museum exhibits and K-12 curricula. Thus, the CZO team includes undergraduate and graduate students working together with postdoctoral scientists, faculty and technical staff to build - not only a functional and dynamic observatory that serves the earth sciences community - but also an integrated, interdisciplinary new field of CZ science that has direct relevance to the increasingly populated, but water-limited southwestern US.