CAREER: Scalable Sensor Infrastructure for Sustainably Managing the Built Environment

美国的经济增长、能源安全和环境管理取决于可持续的能源政策，该政策促进所有主要部门的节约、效率和电气化。建筑是最大的部门，因此是这些努力的一个有吸引力的目标：目前的联邦可持续发展目标要求到2050年，50%的美国商业建筑实现净零能耗。实现这一目标有一系列选择，但财务方面的考虑需要一种数据驱动、经验验证的方法。然而，在能源和水测量技术以及室内气候控制科学方面存在重大差距，需要对竞争方案进行基准测试，优先考虑效率投资，并确保居住者舒适度。为了应对这些挑战，该项目提出了一种新型的“撕贴式”传感器，可以贴在日常物品上，以推断它们对整个建筑资源消耗的贡献。要使用传感器，居住者或建筑物管理人员只需在天花板灯，淋浴头或炉顶等末端负载上标记即可。传感器监测负载周围的环境条件，并使用统计方法，将这些条件与现有的电力、天然气或水表的读数相关联，在没有侵入式计量的情况下提供单独的估计。传感器由集成电路技术制成，层压在智能标签上，因此它们体积小，价格便宜，易于部署。这些传感器由它们感知到的相同环境信号供电，从而消除了定期更换电池或墙壁电源的需要。总的来说，这些属性解决了成本和覆盖方面的挑战，并支持可伸缩的部署和广泛采用。这一建议的智力价值源于这样一种见解，即能量（和其他资源）的转移和使用通常会释放能量，通常在不同的领域，而这种释放的能量通常足以间歇地为简单的能量收集传感器供电，其占空比与被转移或使用的能量成正比。因此，传感器的激活率表明了潜在的能量使用。使用活动和侧信道收集之间的功率比例关系，再加上最先进的毫米级、纳米级功率芯片和全屋或面板级仪表，使小而廉价的传感器标签无处不在，使用寿命无限。但是，将它们联网并分配任务，并理解它们的数据，需要从根本上重新思考低功耗通信、控制和数据融合，以将间歇性、不可靠和有噪声的传感器基础设施抽象为可操作的信息。该项目更广泛的影响源于教育、研究和推广的综合计划，该计划(i)创建了一个以智能对象为重点的课程，其课堂项目是由研究需求驱动的，（ii）为本科生和未被充分代表的少数民族提供研究经验，（iii）在成功研究的各个方面指导学生，从阐明假设到同行评审论文，（iv）传播嵌入式系统和研究教学法的教材，(v)培养跨学科的学生，在测量科学、信息技术和可持续性政策的交叉点操作，（vi）通过行业推广和实习将科学发现和技术知识转化为有益的商业产品，（vii）与国家实验室合作，确保研究解决紧迫问题。

U.S. economic growth, energy security, and environmental stewardship depend on a sustainable energy policy that promotes conservation,efficiency, and electrification across all major sectors. Buildings are the largest sector and therefore an attractive target of these efforts: current Federal sustainability goals mandate that 50% of U.S.commercial buildings become net-zero energy by 2050. A range of options exists to achieve this goal, but financial concerns require a data-driven, empirically-validated approach. However, critical gaps exist in the energy and water measurement technology, and indoorclimate control science, needed to benchmark competing options, prioritize efficiency investments, and ensure occupant comfort.To address these challenges, this project proposes a new kind of "peel-and-stick" sensor that can be affixed to everyday objects to infer their contributions to whole-building resource consumption. To use the sensors, occupants or building managers simply tag end loads like a ceiling light, shower head, or range top. The sensors monitor the ambient conditions around a load and, using statistical methods,correlate those conditions with readings from existing electricity, gas, or water meters, providing individual estimates without intrusive metering. The sensors are built from integrated circuit technology laminated into smart labels, so they are small, inexpensive, and easy-to-deploy. The sensors are powered by the same ambient signals they sense, eliminating the need for periodic battery replacement or wall power. Collectively, these properties address cost and coverage challenges, and enable scalable deployment and widespread adoption.The intellectual merit of this proposal stems from the insight that the transfer and use of energy (and other resources) usually emits energy, often in a different domain, and that this emitted energy is often enough to intermittently power simple, energy-harvesting sensors whose duty cycle is proportional to the energy being transferred or used. Hence, the mere activation rate of the sensors signalsthe underlying energy use. The power-proportional relationship between usage activity and side channel harvesting, when coupled with state-of-the art, millimeter-scale, nano-power chips and whole-house or panel-level meters, enables small and inexpensive sensor tags that are pervasively distributed with unbounded lifetimes. But, networking and tasking them, and making sense of their data, requires a fundamental rethinking of low-power communications, control, and data fusion to abstract the intermittent, unreliable, and noisy sensor infrastructure into actionable information.This project's broader impact stems from an integrated program of education, research, and outreach that (i) creates a smart objects focused curriculum whose classroom projects are motivated by research needs, (ii) provides research experiences for undergraduates andunderrepresented minorities, (iii) mentors students on all aspects of successful research from articulating hypotheses to peer-reviewing papers,(iv) disseminates teaching materials on embedded systems and research pedagogy, (v) produces students who bridge disciplines,operating at the intersection of measurement science, information technology, and sustainability policy, and (vi) translates scientific discovery and technical knowledge into beneficial commercial products through industry outreach and internships, and (vii) engages with the National Labs to ensure that the research addresses pressing problems.