Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: A Diachronic Investigation of Farmstead Labor Relations

这项研究的一个中心目标是了解在当地范围内影响雇主和雇员之间互动的机制。这项提案的重点是小规模的家庭一级做法。因为考古学有可能在一个受控的背景下，而且往往跨越几个世纪，来考察这种关系的发展，所以它可以提供一个独特的视角。在Mark Hauser博士的指导下，Bradley Phillippi将研究不断变化的劳动关系如何改变生活在17世纪和18世纪北美东北部农村的多元化社区中不同人群的日常生活。菲利皮将在汤普森庄园进行为期一季的考古发掘，汤普森庄园位于纽约州萨福克县长岛北岸的一处农庄。该遗址由汤普森家族(约1700-1885年)的五代人连续占据。与汤普森夫妇一起生活和劳动的人被奴役，1827年后，自由劳工成为非洲人后裔。汤普森的房子特别令人感兴趣，因为它提供了分析和比较单一地点上奴隶制和自由的背景的机会。菲利皮将使用考古学和空间方法找回宏观和微观文物，以及土壤化学和微观形态数据，以确定使向雇佣劳动过渡成为可能的日常做法。人们普遍认为，从1780年左右开始，工薪阶层开始取代东北农村农场上家庭成员和奴隶之间的主导分工；然而，人们对这种劳动关系的转变如何改变农民和劳动者的日常生活并促成身份认同的形成知之甚少。绘制向自由劳动转变前后的空间、家庭生产和消费实践的变化，对于理解劳动关系变化的社会影响是必不可少的。虽然这个项目侧重于一个具体的地点，但如何在不断变化的社会条件下保持地位差异的基本原则触及了社会组织的一个基本方面，并与当今世界有关。这项特殊研究的优势是，它允许在相当长的一段时间内跟踪这一过程。该项目将通过评估来自院子不同占有层的宏观和微观人工制品和化学特征的频率和分布，记录家庭活动的空间和时间模式。为了描述消费的方方面面，这个项目将分析玻璃器皿、餐具、厨房用具、建筑和家具五金、个人装饰品和卫生用品，以及陶瓷和动物遗骸。最后，为了绘制这座房屋的建筑和空间历史地图，菲利皮将使用档案文件和微地层学分析。将这些数据结合到一个地理信息系统中，将提供一个更完整、更历时的画面，来改变多元农庄的日常做法。通过强调空间和劳动力，这个项目将推进多元遗址和社区考古的方法和理论，这是一项有价值的努力，它强烈依赖于孤立的空间和物体来对生活在那里的不同的人做出有意义的陈述。通过这样做，这个项目将扩大对非裔美国人经历的理解，这种多样化的经历在考古学中被对南方种植园奴隶生活的强调所掩盖。这一成果还将通过为文化历史描述贡献实践和日常生活的元素来扩大对东北农村生活的了解。此外，该项目将是考古学家和当地后裔社区之间更大规模合作努力的一部分，双方都致力于更广泛和更深入地了解社区对当地历史的贡献的文化和历史遗产。该项目的成果将在同行评议的出版物和专业会议上传播，而原始数据将在数字考古记录中提供。菲利皮的研究还将在汤普森之家博物馆的永久展览中展出。这个项目将以实地学校的形式教授本科生人类学家考古发掘的基础知识，从而推进他们的培训，并将在菲利皮先生的博士论文中达到顶峰。

A central goal of this research is to understand the mechanisms which, on a local scale, affect interaction between employers and employees. The focus in this proposal is on small-scale family level practices. Because archaeology has the potential to examine the development of such relations within a controlled context and often across centuries it can provide a unique perspective. Under the direction of Dr. Mark Hauser, Bradley Phillippi will examine how changing labor relations altered the everyday lives of diverse people living in a plural community in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century rural Northeast North America. Mr. Phillippi will undertake one season of archaeological excavations at the Thompson House, a plural farmstead on the North Shore of Long Island in Suffolk County, New York. The site was occupied continuously by five generations of the Thompson family (ca 1700-1885). Living and laboring alongside the Thompsons were enslaved, and after 1827, free laborers of African descent. The Thompson house is of particular interest because it provides the opportunity to analyze and compare contexts of slavery and freedom on a single site. Mr. Phillippi will use archaeological and spatial methods to recover macro and micro artifacts, as well as soil chemical and micromorphological data, to identify the daily practices that made the transition to wage labor possible. It is widely accepted that, initiating around 1780, wage earners began replacing the dominant division of labor between family members and slaves on rural farmsteads in the Northeast; however, little is known about how this transition in labor relations altered farmers' and laborers' everyday life and contributed to emerging identities. Mapping changes in space, household production, and practices of consumption before and after the transition to free labor is essential to understanding the social implications of changing labor relations. Although this project focuses on one specific site, the underlying principle of how status differences are maintained in changing social conditions strikes at a fundamental aspect of social organization and has relevance in today's world. The advantage of this particular study is that it allows the process to be followed over a significant period of time.This project will document spatial and temporal patterns of household activities by assessing the frequency and distribution of macro and micro artifacts and chemical signatures from different occupation layers of the house yard. To characterize every aspect of consumption, this project will analyze glassware, cutlery, kitchen utensils, construction and furniture hardware, and items of personal adornment and hygiene, in addition to ceramics and faunal remains. Finally, to map the architectural and spatial history of the house, Mr. Phillippi will use archival documents and microstratigraphic analyses. Combining these data into a GIS will provide a more complete and diachronic picture of changing daily practices at the plural farmstead.By emphasizing space and labor, this project will advance methods and theory in the archaeology of plural sites and communities, a worthy endeavor that relies strongly on isolated spaces and objects to make meaningful statements about the diverse people who lived there. In so doing, this project will broaden the understanding of the African American experience, a diverse experience that in archaeology is obscured by an emphasis on slave life on Southern plantations. The results will also expand knowledge of rural life in the Northeast by contributing an element of practice and everyday life to cultural historical descriptions. In addition, this project will be part of a larger collaborative effort between archaeologists and the local descendent community, both of whom are dedicated to creating a broader and deeper awareness of the cultural and historical legacy of the community's contributions to local history. The results from this project will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and at professional conferences, while the raw data will be made available on The Digital Archaeological Record. Mr. Phillippi's research will also be displayed in a permanent exhibit at the Thompson House Museum. This project will advance the training of undergraduate-student anthropologists by teaching them the basics of archaeological excavations in a field-school format and will culminate in Mr. Phillippi's PhD dissertation.