A Bioarchaeological Reconstruction of Demography and Social Class

这项研究的基本目标是深入了解帝国和国家级社会等大型政治实体如何将大量讲不同语言和不同种族的个人整合到中央职能单位中，以及这种整合对不同群体的影响。通过使用考古数据，既可以追踪这些过程随着时间的推移，并检查人类生物学方面，这可能是很难完成的生活population.With支持的国家科学基金会，博士贝瑟尼特纳将进行一个为期三年的项目分析考古人类遗骸从南部高地的秘鲁。 特纳博士与秘鲁同事及其学生以及她自己的学生合作，将从印加帝国中心地带的三个地点发现的200多个个体中重建饮食和迁徙模式。在不到一个世纪的时间里，印加控制了南美洲西部的大片地区，征服了大约1200万人。作为统治策略的一部分，印加的管理者们在帝国各地强行迁移个人甚至整个社区--这一策略镇压了零星的抵抗，将专家社区迁移到最需要他们技能的地方，并为军事行动和建筑工程提供了巨大的劳动力储备。它还转化为不同的饮食模式，疾病暴露，暴力和其他影响印加主题的健康和福祉的关键因素。因此，重建不同印加遗址的人口构成对于更好地了解不同印加主体的生活史是否受到印加帝国主义的影响至关重要。估计谁被迁移，从哪里，到哪里，为什么可以提供洞察不仅他们的生活史，但那些在原地种群的比较。为了实现这一目标，特纳和她的同事将从收集的每个人的骨骼和牙齿碎片样本中产生多同位素数据的组合，以及代表遗传祖先方面的牙齿数据。这些数据将用于创建生命周期不同时间点的饮食和居住地的深入概况，并将其与每个地点内和之间的遗传变异联系起来。此外，这些数据将与已发表和未发表的骨骼健康和疾病数据一起进行沿着分析，使用特纳的新方法更好地了解常见骨骼病理状况的原因。这项研究的智力价值在于它使用多行数据来重建大样本土著遗骸的身份和生活史方面，并以社会分层、资源不平等和古代治国术为中心的理论视角来解读。这些数据也为梳理影响骨骼的压力源的不同原因提供了新的机会，这是生物人类学长期争论的一个领域。这项研究对考古学和历史研究产生了更广泛的影响，特别是对复杂和城市化的社会。印加帝国和其他国家一样，无论是过去还是现在，它都站在人民的肩膀上，而他们中的大多数人都已经默默无闻地进入了历史。这项研究的重点是分析印加主题的骨骼遗骸，为了解这个古老帝国的运作打开了一扇新的窗户。这项研究还为美国和秘鲁的学生提供了宝贵的研究机会。重要的是，这些分析的结果将分发给美国和秘鲁的学术界和非学术界人士，包括那些在现代秘鲁文化中往往被边缘化的印加土著后裔。

The fundamental goal of this research is to gain insight into how large political entities such as empires and state level societies integrate large numbers of individuals, often speaking different languages and of different ethnicities into centralized functioning units and the effect that such integration has on different groups of individuals. Through use of archaeological data it is possible both to trace such processes over time and to examine aspects of human biology which might be difficult to accomplish with living populations.With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Bethany Turner will conduct a three-year project analyzing archaeological human remains from the southern highlands of Peru. In collaboration with her Peruvian colleagues and their students, as well as her own students, Dr. Turner will reconstruct patterns of diet and migration in over two hundred individuals recovered from three sites in the heartland of the Inca Empire. In just under a century, the Inca took control of large areas of western South America and subjugated an estimated twelve million people. As part of their governing strategies, Inca administrators forcibly relocated individuals and even entire communities throughout the empire - this strategy quashed pockets of resistance, relocated communities of specialists to where their skills were most needed, and provided an enormous labor pool for military campaigns and building projects. It also translated to different patterns of diet, disease exposure, violence, and other key factors influencing the health and well-being of Inca subjects. Reconstructing the composition of populations at different Inca sites is therefore critical to better understanding whether, and if so, how the life histories of different Inca subjects were affected by Inca imperialism: estimating who was moved, from where, to where, and why can provide insights into not only their life histories, but those of in situ populations by comparison.To accomplish this goal, Turner and her colleagues will produce a combination of multi-isotopic data from collected samples of bone and tooth fragments from each individual, as well as dental data that represent aspects of genetic ancestry. These data will be used to create in-depth profiles of diet and residence at different points in the lifespan and relate them to genetic variation within and between each site. Moreover, these data will be analyzed along with published and unpublished data on skeletal health and disease, using Turner's novel approach to better understanding the causes of common skeletal pathological conditions.The intellectual merit of this study lies in its use of multiple lines of data to reconstruct aspects of identity and life history in a large sample of indigenous remains, and interpret them using a theoretical perspective centered on social stratification, resource inequality, and ancient statecraft. These data also provide new opportunities to tease apart the different causes of stressors affecting the skeleton, an area of longstanding debate in biological anthropology.This study has broader impacts for archaeology and historical studies, particularly of complex and urbanized societies. The Inca Empire was like other states, past and present, in that it stood on the shoulders of its people, most of whom passed anonymously into history. This study's focus on analyzing the skeletal remains of Inca subjects opens a new window into understanding the workings of this ancient empire. This study also provides valuable research opportunities for students in the United States and Peru. Importantly, the results of these analyses will be disseminated to academic and non-academic audiences in the United States and Peru, including to those indigenous descendants of the Inca who are often marginalized in modern Peruvian culture.