Social Organization And The Development Of Capitalist Systems

本研究的基本目标是了解不断变化的全球规模经济模式如何影响社会组织，特别是在小规模的发展中社会。在“管理者”和“工人”之间非常接近的情况下，会发生什么样的人际关系重组？考古学研究，如下文所述，有可能追溯出这种相互作用的时间延长。这个国家科学基金会奖道格拉斯五阿姆斯特朗（锡拉丘兹大学）研究一个革命性的变化，农业和劳动系统在巴巴多斯。 这项研究是由锡拉丘兹大学的考古学家和巴巴多斯博物馆和历史学会合作进行的。 这项研究将侧重于对新发现的英国先驱在特伦茨种植园的定居点的文化沉积物进行科学调查，该定居点最初被称为查尔斯堡。 通过GIS（地理信息系统）对1646年种植园地图的分析，该遗址被重新发现，为研究小规模农场的早期生活提供了独特的机会。 分层沉积物保存完好，跨越350多年，包括巴巴多斯唯一未受干扰的（未开垦的）奴役劳工定居点，允许科学考察从小规模农场到大规模制糖生产的转变，向制糖经济的过渡，奴隶制制度，以及英属西印度群岛资本主义的兴起。特伦茨是1627年在巴巴多斯定居的第一批庄园之一。它最初是一个小规模的经营混合农业（棉花，烟草，靛蓝）的农民使用契约和奴役劳动力。 这是从17世纪40年代开始，使用大量被奴役的非洲劳工进行糖的农业/工业生产的快速而戏剧性的转变的一部分。 巴巴多斯对美洲种植园系统兴起的重要性已经被历史学家记录在案，但在这项研究之前，没有发现前糖时代庄园的痕迹，也没有发现巴巴多斯完整的未开垦的奴隶劳工定居点。 该研究将使用一套严格的考古方法来收集和分析文物，饮食遗迹和空间关系。这项研究将检验一系列假设，考察殖民地社会制度的变化。 它将：1）探索和评估与英国在加勒比地区建立殖民地有关的遗址（1627- 1640年代）; 2）分析社会关系的记录，反映在从小规模农场的转变，使用契约（欧洲）和奴役（非洲）劳动力到大规模资本主义农工种植园，主要依靠来自非洲的奴役劳动力（过渡时期：1640年代至1680年代;早期糖时代：1680年代至1720年代;奴隶制后期1720年代至1834年）; 3）批判性地审视奴隶制作为主要劳动形式出现的景观; 4）评估土地被开垦用于农业生产时当地环境的变化。在Bardados发生的变化深刻地影响了与奴役非洲人和扩大大西洋奴隶贸易有关的社会和经济结构。 在巴巴多斯发展起来的种植园系统被英国人在牙买加和南卡罗来纳州的殖民地用作模型，并建立了复杂的贸易网络，将波士顿和英格兰的商人联系起来，为整个新英格兰的农民提供粮食。随着资本主义甘蔗种植园的兴起和向奴隶制的转变，巴巴多斯发生了深刻的变化，改变了世界。

The underlying goal of this research is to understand how changing global scale economic patterns affect social organization, especially in small scale developing societies. In situations where there is close proximity between "managers" and "workers" what are the interpersonal rearrangements which occur?. Archaeological research such as that described below has the potential to trace out such interactions over extended periods of time.This National Science Foundation award Douglas V. Armstrong (Syracuse University) to examine a revolutionary change in agricultural and labor systems in Barbados. This research is being organized as a cooperative international effort between archaeologists at Syracuse University and the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. The study will focus on the scientific investigation of cultural deposits at the newly rediscovered pioneer English settlement at Trents Plantation, a founding settlement originally known as Charles Fort. The site, rediscovered through GIS (geographic information system) analysis of a plantation map dating to 1646, provides a unique opportunity to examine early life on a small-scale farm. The excellent preservation of stratified deposits, spanning more than 350 years and including the only undisturbed (unplowed) enslaved labor settlement in Barbados, allow the scientific examination of the shift from small-scale farm to large-scale production of sugar, the transition to a sugar economy, the institution of slavery, and the rise of capitalism in the British West Indies. Trents was one of the first estates settled in Barbados in 1627. It began as a small-scale operation engaged in mixed agriculture (cotton, tobacco, indigo) by farmers using indentured and enslaved laborers. It was part of a rapid and dramatic shift to agricultural/industrial production of sugar using large numbers of enslaved African laborers beginning in the 1640s. The significance of Barbados to the rise of the plantation system in the Americas has been well chronicled by historians, but prior to this study no traces of pre-sugar era estates had been known and no intact and unplowed enslaved laborer settlements had been identified for Barbados. The study will use a rigorous set of archaeological methodologies to collect and analyze artifacts, dietary remains, and spatial relationships. The study will test a series of hypotheses examining changes in social systems in the colony. It will: 1) explore and evaluate sites associated with the founding of an English colony in the Caribbean (1627-1640s); 2) analyze the record of social relations reflected in the shift from small scale farms that used indentured (European) and enslaved (African) labor to large scale capitalistic agro-industrial plantations that relied primarily on enslaved laborers from Africa (transitional era: 1640s-1680s; and early sugar era: 1680s-1720s; and later period of slavery 1720s-1834); 3) critically examine the landscape in which slavery emerged as the dominant form of labor; and, 4) assess changes in the local environment as lands were cleared for agricultural production. The changes that took place in Bardados had profoundly impacted the social and economic structure associated with enslavement of Africans and the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade. The plantation systems developed in Barbados were used as models in the British settlement of Jamaica and South Carolina, and established complex trading networks that linked merchant traders in Boston and England and provision farmers throughout New England. The changes set in motion in Barbados with the rise of the capitalstic sugar plantation and the shift to chattel slavery were profound and world changing.