Ocean Acidification: Collaborative Research: Interactive effects of acidification, low dissolved oxygen and temperature on abalone population dynamics within the California Current

人们日益认识到，海洋酸化是海洋生态系统变化的一个重要驱动因素。特别是，东部边界流系统的生态系统，包括加州当前大型海洋生态系统（CCLME），经常经历上升流驱动的低pH值，低溶解氧（DO）沃茨在浅近海岸栖息地，这些事件的规模和持续时间在过去十年中一直在增加。该项目的目标是研究海洋酸化和其他与气候有关的变化（溶解氧、温度）在海洋学条件下对海岸海洋群落在大尺度海洋学梯度上的影响。了解海洋酸化与其他气候相关变化对单个海洋生物或生命阶段的影响将如何级联到种群及其提供的服务是科学，管理和政策的高度优先事项。通过将海洋学实地测量和实验室实验的结果纳入人口和生物经济模型框架，本项目将促进我们对海洋学变化对海洋种群和渔业动态的作用的理解。特别是，这项研究将提供有关的pH值，溶解氧和温度的同时变化对近岸种群和渔业的相互影响的关键见解。通过调查多种压力对沿海海洋生态系统的影响，该项目将使我们能够更好地预测低pH值和低DO事件的频率和/或强度增加可能对生态和渔业产生的影响。更深入地了解海洋酸化、沿海海洋学过程和CCLME中近岸海洋生态系统健康之间的联系，将为未来海洋条件的适应战略提供信息。该项目还将培训高中生、本科生和研究生，以及从事海洋酸化基础和应用研究的早期研究员。该研究计划将实施一种新颖的个人到群体水平的方法，专门研究海洋酸化的直接影响，单独或与低溶解氧和温度相结合，对两种具有巨大生态和商业意义的模式物种，红鲍鱼和粉红鲍鱼，将体现在种群水平上，最终，这些物种为人类提供的服务。研究人员将：1）在未来气候变化的替代情景下，测量和表征加州州中部蒙特雷湾和墨西哥的Isla Natividad的近岸鲍鱼栖息地的pH、DO和温度的时间变化，特别是与极端低pH、低DO事件的持续时间和强度的关系，2）进行实验室实验以研究低pH、低DO条件对繁殖成功的影响，生长，钙化，和青少年红色和粉红色鲍鱼的生存，和3）发展人口和生物经济模型，以估计环境和当地人为压力对鲍鱼种群的恢复力的影响，并评估什么管理和保护战略，包括海洋保护区网络的实施，可能有助于缓冲在不久的将来气候情景下预计的低pH值和低溶解氧事件的频率和/或强度增加的负面影响。

Ocean acidification is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of change in marine ecosystems. In particular, ecosystems in eastern boundary current systems, including the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME), routinely experience upwelling driven low pH, low dissolved oxygen (DO) waters in shallow near shore habitats, and these occurrences have been increasing in magnitude and duration over the past decade. The goal of this project is to study the consequences of ocean acidification and other climate-related changes (dissolved oxygen(DO), temperature) in oceanographic conditions on near shore marine communities over a large scale oceanographic gradient in the CCLME. Understanding how the effects of ocean acidification combined with other climate-related changes on individual marine organisms or life stages will cascade to populations and the services they provide is a high priority for science, management, and policy. By integrating the results of oceanographic field measurements and laboratory experiments in a demographic and bio-economic modeling framework, the present project will advance our understanding of the role of oceanographic variability on the dynamics of marine populations and fisheries. In particular, this research will provide key insights regarding the interactive influences of simultaneous changes in pH, DO, and temperature on nearshore populations and fisheries. By investigating the effects of multiple stressors on coastal marine ecosystems, the project will allow us to better anticipate possible ecological and fishery impacts of increasing frequency and/or intensity of low pH and low DO events. A deeper understanding of the linkages among ocean acidification, coastal oceanographic processes and the health of nearshore marine ecosystems in the CCLME will inform adaptation strategies for future ocean conditions. The project will also train high-school, undergraduate and graduate students, and early-career fellows in basic and applied research on ocean acidification.The research program will implement a novel individual- to population-level approach to specifically investigate how the direct effects of ocean acidification, alone or in combination with low DO and temperature, on two model species of great ecological and commercial relevance, red and pink abalone, will manifest at the population level, and ultimately, the services these species provide to humans. Researchers will: 1) measure and characterize the temporal variability of pH, DO and temperature in nearshore abalone habitat in Monterey Bay, Central California, and Isla Natividad, Mexico, particularly in relation to the duration and intensity of extreme low pH, low DO events, under alternative scenarios of future climate change, 2) conduct laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of low pH, low DO conditions on the reproductive success, growth, calcification, and survival of juvenile red and pink abalone, and 3) develop demographic and bio-economic models to estimate the impacts of environmental and local anthropogenic stressors on the resilience of abalone populations and to assess what management and conservation strategies, including the implementation of networks of marine reserves, may contribute to buffering the negative effects of increased frequency and/or intensity of low pH and low DO events expected under near-future climate scenarios.