Doctoral Dissertation Research: Informal and Local Economies During Mega Events

在过去的二十年里，申办大型赛事（如奥运会和世界杯）的城市和国家范围不断扩大，南非、俄罗斯和巴西等新兴经济体也加入了进来。这些锦标赛的支持者提出的理由之一是有可能快速发展，创造就业机会，并将社会中被排斥的部门纳入其中。虽然举办此类活动的好处仍有争议，但人们对其对当地非正式经济的影响还没有很好的了解，而大多数人口的收入来自这些经济。之前关于大型体育赛事的社会影响的研究倾向于将弱势群体视为同质的，尽管既有成功故事的证据，也有困难增加的证据。因此，这些研究没有考虑到受影响人群中不同的结果和轨迹。本研究将以场域理论为研究前提，绘制出街头小贩之间的划分图，并分析在大型体育赛事期间导致他们成功或失败的动态。这个项目扩展了关于大型活动的社会影响的现有研究，同时挑战了边缘群体成员都是被排斥的受害者的观念。co-PI假设街头小贩分为三个子群体：(1)街头摊贩工会的领导和成员，(2)没有工会的街头摊贩，(3)没有执照的街头摊贩。每个组控制特定的资产。在有执照的街头小贩中，研究表明，由于政治关系，领导者和工会成员将从政府项目中受益。在没有执照的街头摊贩中——流动性是他们的主要资产——最年轻、流动性高的街头摊贩将设法避开安全检查，并接近粉丝。其他商贩的收益应该很少，而且可能会因压制加剧而蒙受损失。本研究将通过定性与定量相结合的方法来检验上述假设。首先，研究人员将检查该计划的设计和实施，以纳入街头摊贩使用关键线人访谈。与此同时，联合调查团将观察旅游热点附近的街头小贩，并记录在那里经营的有证和无证摊贩的人口统计数据。最后，研究人员将进行问卷调查，并分析现有的调查数据，以评估该事件对整个城镇街头小贩的收入和工作条件的总体影响。该项目将分析2014年足球世界杯对巴西最大城市<s:1>圣保罗街头小贩生计的影响。在赛事筹备期间，政府面临着一波社会抗议浪潮，越来越多的人批评组织比赛成本太高，而且它的好处没有惠及最需要的社会群体。在《世界杯通则》中，街头摊贩尤其被明确列为打击目标。《世界杯通则》打击了游客集中的官方赛事周围的非正式商业活动。为了应对这些压力，<s:1>圣保罗市政府设计了一项计划，通过授予街头小贩销售官方产品的权利，来整合他们。在政府整合边缘人群的举措中，谁是赢家，谁是输家？大型活动是非正式企业家改善命运的机会吗？未来，如何才能让这些好处更平均地分配给弱势群体？更广泛的影响这项研究将为这些活动的规划提供重要的投入，以确保社会包容和分享经济利益。为此目的，研究结果将在学术界内外的论坛和渠道上传播。联合倡议将利用由地方决策者和民间社会行为者（包括倡导非正规工人权利的非政府组织）组成的广泛网络，分享研究成果和结论。研究结果有可能在未来大型活动期间为弱势群体的政策制定提供信息。

SES-1434160Javier AuyeroJacinto Cuvi EscobarUniversity of Texas at AustinThe range of cities and countries bidding for mega events (e.g., the Olympics and the World Cup) has expanded over the last two decades to incorporate emerging economies like South Africa, Russia and Brazil. Among the reasons put forth by proponents of these tournaments are the possibility to fast-track development, generate employment, and incorporate excluded sectors of society. While the benefits of hosting such events are still debated, there is not a good understanding of their effects on the local, informal economies from which a majority of the population draws its income. Previous work on the social impacts of sporting mega-events tends to treat disadvantaged groups as homogenous, despite evidence of both success stories and increased hardship. These studies therefore do not account for divergent outcomes and trajectories within affected populations. Premising the study on field theory, this research will map the divisions among street vendors and analyze the dynamics leading to their success or demise during a mega sporting event. This project expands on existing research about the social impact of mega events while challenging the notion that members of marginalized groups are all victims of exclusion. The co-PI hypothesizes that street vending is divided into three subgroups: (1) leaders and members of street vendors unions, (2) non-unionized street vendors, and (3) unlicensed street vendors. Each of these groups controls specific assets. Among licensed street vendors, the research proposes that leaders and union members will benefit from government programs because of political connections. Among unlicensed street vendors -- where mobility is the main asset -- it is the youngest and highly mobile street vendors who will manage to avoid security checks and gain access to fans. Other peddlers should experience few gains and may suffer losses due to increased repression. The study will test the foregoing assumptions through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. First, the researcher will examine the design and implementation of the program to incorporate street vendors using key informant interviews. Concurrently, the co-PI will observe street selling around tourist hotspots and record the demographics of the licensed and unlicensed street vendors operating there. Finally, the researcher will administer a questionnaire survey and analyze existing survey data to assess the overall impact of the event on the income and working conditions of street vendors across town. This project will analyze the effects of a specific mega event, the 2014 soccer World Cup, on the livelihoods of street vendors in Brazil's largest city, São Paulo. In the run-up to the event, the government was faced with a wave of social protests along with mounting criticism that organizing the tournament was too costly and that its benefits did not reach the social groups most in need. Street vendors, in particular, were explicitly targeted in the General Law of the World Cup, which cracks down on informal commercial activity around the official events where tourists are concentrated. In response to such pressures, the city government of São Paulo designed a program to integrate a group of street vendors by granting them the right to sell official products. Who wins and who loses from government initiatives to integrate marginalized populations? Are mega events an opportunity for informal entrepreneurs to improve their lot? How can the benefits be spread more evenly among disadvantaged groups in the future? Broader ImpactsThis study will provide critical input to the planning of such events so as to ensure social inclusion and the sharing of economic benefits. To this end, the findings will be disseminated in forums and outlets within and beyond the academic world. The co-PI will draw on a wide network of local policymakers and civil society actors --including NGOs (non-governmental organizations) advocating for the rights of informal workers -- to share research results and conclusions. Research findings have the potential to inform policymaking for disadvantaged groups during mega events in the future.