Doctoral Dissertation Research: Impacts of Transferable Quota Markets and Customary Management Areas on Fishery Sustainability and Indigenous Development

过度捕捞威胁着海洋生态系统和经济。为了鼓励在不限制商业活动的情况下保护海洋生物多样性，各国政府正在制定新的基于配额的产权制度，目的是在不抑制经济交流的情况下遏制商业捕鱼的压力。目前，世界上超过10%的渔业由配额制度管理，这一比例每年都在增加。然而，谁应该获得配额，以及如何监管配额市场，目前仍不清楚。本项目将研究影响配额管理制度如何影响渔业和渔业社区生态和经济发展的因素。这项研究将提供海洋渔业管理对经济增长和生物多样性的重要信息。研究结果将对渔业专家和参与社区和土著经济发展的人们有用，包括在美国，那里的渔业越来越多地按照配额制度进行管理，规定分配给土著部落的配额。该项目的研究结果将在研究者的网站上公开发布，以供社区成员、科学家和政策制定者反馈。这项研究将有助于更广泛地讨论基于市场的保护倡议，包括渔业配额市场和碳限额与交易计划，在多大程度上激励可持续的环境实践。这可以借鉴新西兰的做法。1986年，新西兰实施了世界上第一个全国性的综合配额制度，法律规定将配额分配给土著部落。今天，毛利人拥有全国渔业配额的40%以上，使新西兰成为一个重要的案例，通过它来审查更公平地分配配额规定的生态和经济利益的障碍和机会。该项目将加强对以市场为基础的保护的理解，扩大经济假设，即政府设定的配额和总允许捕捞量减少限制是渔业发展背后的推动力，市场是鼓励环境可持续性和经济增长的最佳机制。通过研究当进入商业市场受到配额权限制时人们如何参与渔业，本研究将探讨为什么个人并不总是充当渔业合理化倡导者为其产业主导的可持续发展模式所要求的理性经济行动者的原因。具体而言，该项目将使用人种学方法和渔业捕捞数据的定量分析来研究殖民历史、土著身份、知识、技术和市场准入在影响人们如何参与渔业发展方面所起的作用。

Overfishing threatens ocean ecosystems and economies. To encourage marine biodiversity protection without restricting commercial activities, governments are creating new quota based property rights that are designed to curb commercial fishing pressure without stifling economic exchange. Over ten percent of the world's fisheries are currently managed by quota systems, a percentage that increases each year. Yet, who should get quota and how quota markets should be regulated, remains unclear. This project will examine factors shaping how quota management systems influence the ecological and economic development of fisheries and fishing communities. This study will provide critical information about the management of marine fisheries for economic growth and biodiversity. The results will be useful to fisheries experts and people involved in community and indigenous economic development, including in the United States, where fisheries are increasingly being managed under quota systems that stipulate quota to be allocated to indigenous tribes. The findings from this project will be made available publicly on the investigator's website for feedback from community members, scientists, and policy makers. This research will contribute to broader debates over the extent to which market-based conservation initiatives, including quota markets for fisheries and carbon cap-and-trade programs, incentivize sustainable environmental practices. This will be done by looking to New Zealand, where the world's first nationally comprehensive quota system was implemented in 1986, with legally mandated provisions for quota to be allocated to indigenous tribes. Today, Maori own over 40 percent of the nation's fishing quota, making New Zealand an important case through which to examine barriers and opportunities for more equitable distribution of the ecological and economic benefits of quota regulation. This project will enhance understanding of market-based conservation by expanding upon the economic assumption that quota and total allowable catch reduction limits set by government are the driving force behind fisheries development, and that the market is the best mechanism to encourage environmental sustainability and economic growth. By examining how people engage with fisheries when access to commercial markets is restricted by quota rights, this research will explore reasons why individuals do not always act as the rational economic actor that fisheries rationalization advocates require for their models of industry-led sustainable development. Specifically, this project will use ethnographic methods and quantitative analysis of fishery catch data to examine the role that colonial histories, indigenous identities, knowledge, technology and access to markets each play in influencing how people engage with fisheries development.