Collaborative Research: First Scientific Priorities from the ARM West Antarctic Radiation Experiment

南极西部冰盖（WAIS）是地球上一个快速变暖的地区。它在预估变暖情景下的稳定性与未来全球海平面上升有着千丝万缕的联系。自1957年国际地球物理年以来，在西南极洲只进行了少量的地面大气科学或气候实地观测。卫星图像和气象再分析表明，南极洲西部非常容易受到温暖潮湿的海洋空气和云层的大陆平流的影响，这取决于阿蒙森海、罗斯海和别林斯高森海的气候低压单体的位置和强度。有必要量化这些变化的气团对地表能量平衡的作用，包括辐射分量和云辐射强迫项，并确定与低纬度地区（如北大西洋和热带）的远距离遥相关。本文在麦克默多和WAIS分部提出的研究分为两个方向：(1)在75天（南夏季）的观测期内，对WAIS分界站点的能量平衡进行经验测定，考虑控制当地能量平衡的气象因素，包括探索低纬度的远相关；(2)确定在一个年周期内产生重复云量类型的气象条件的主要类别，包括罗斯岛的混合相云和气溶胶丰度。这些测量活动将围绕详细的协议和由DOE ARM移动设施(Department of Energy ？大气辐射测量程序)。这些广泛而先进的ARM微物理数据还将用于评估当前极地优化区域气候模式对观测到的高纬度云量的模拟效果。AWARE活动还将提供实际操作的机会，帮助高中教师适应新的下一代科学与工程标准（NGSS）。AWARE科学团队成员还将参加斯克里普斯海洋学研究所的年度教师培训讲习班，其中包括选定的圣地亚哥联合学区（SDUSD）的硕士教师。

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is a rapidly warming region of the Earth. Its stability under projected warming scenarios is inextricably linked with future global sea level rise. There have been only modest ground based atmospheric science or climatological field observations collected in West Antarctica since that undertaken during the era of the 1957 International Geophysical Year. Satellite imagery and meteorological reanalysis indicate that West Antarctica is highly susceptible to continental advection of warm and moist maritime air and cloud cover, depending on the location and strength of climatological low pressure cells in the Amundsen, Ross, and Bellingshausen Seas. There is a need to quantify the role of these changing air masses have on the surface energy balance, including radiation components and cloud radiative forcing terms, and to identify distant teleconnections with lower latitudes, such as the North Atlantic and the tropics. The research proposed herein, at McMurdo and at WAIS divide, is organized in two thrusts: (1) Empirical determination of the energy balance on the WAIS divide site throughout a 75-day (austral summer) observing period, accounting for meteorological factors governing the local energy balance, and including exploration of teleconnections with lower latitudes, and, (2) Determination of the major categories of meteorological conditions that give rise to recurring types of cloud cover, including mixed phase clouds, and aerosol abundance over Ross Island, over an annual cycle. These measurement campaigns will be organized around the detailed protocols and advanced observing facilities enabled by the DOE ARM mobile facility (Department of Energy ? Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program). These extensive and advanced ARM microphysical data will also be used to assess how well current polar-optimized regional climate models simulate observed high latitude cloud cover.The AWARE campaign also will provide a hands-on opportunity to help high school teachers adapt to the new Next Generation Science and Engineering Standards (NGSS). AWARE science team members will also participate in annual teacher training workshops at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, involving selected San Diego Unified School District (SDUSD) master teachers.