Operationalizing the Science and Engineering Practices

2013年，美国国家研究委员会发布了一份名为《监测K-12 STEM教育的成功进展：一个国家在进步吗？》该报告概述了14项指标，以及创建一个监测全国STEM教育质量的系统所需的研究和开发。该项目是应“促进测量和评估创新”项目的“致同事信”请求而资助的，该项目专注于开发研究和工具，以提高国家测量这些指标的能力。该项目的研究人员将聘请一个专家小组来确定新大学和职业准备标准中阐述的科学实践的关键方面，并开发和验证一个工具，作为新标准中阐述的科学课堂内容和实践覆盖范围的指标。该项目将有助于提高对如何衡量学生在科学课堂上学习机会的认识。研究活动将分三个阶段进行。在第一阶段，将以改进的德尔菲过程召集一个专家小组，以确定不同等级带和科学领域的科学实践的关键方面。结果框架将用于第二阶段，以制定选择回应调查项目，以衡量教师？实践的使用。在研究的第三阶段，将进行认知访谈、对教师课堂实践的观察和对项目的试点测试的因素分析来验证这些措施。将编写一份用户手册，其中包括项目有效性和量表可靠性的证据，以便其他研究人员可以使用该工具，并有助于今后具有全国代表性的研究。

The National Research Council in 2013 released the report Monitoring Progress toward Successful K-12 STEM Education: A Nation Advancing?, which outlined 14 Indicators as well as the needed research and development to create a system to monitor the quality of STEM education in the nation. This project is funded in response to a Dear Colleague Letter request for research in the Promoting Innovation in Measurement and Evaluation program focused on developing research and tools to advance the nation's capability to measure these indicators. The researchers in this project will engage an expert panel to identify key aspects of the science practices articulated in the new college and career-readiness standards, and develop and validate an instrument to be used as an indicator of science classroom coverage of content and practices as articulated in the new standards. This project will contribute to advancing knowledge about how to measure students' opportunity to learn in science classrooms. Research activities will be carried out in three phases. In phase one, an expert panel will be convened in a modified-Delphi process to identify the key aspects of science practices at different grade bands and domains of science. The resulting framework will be used in phase two to develop selected-response survey items for measuring teachers? use of the practices. In phase three of the study, cognitive interviews, observations of teachers' classroom practices, and factor analysis of a pilot test of the items will be conducted to validate the measures. A user manual will be produced that includes evidence of the items' validity and scale reliability so that the instrument might be used by other researchers and contribute to future nationally representative studies.