Studies of inland harbours in Central Europe as hubs for European communication networks

在中世纪欧洲运输史上，内陆港口一直是一个被忽视的视角。在SPP的框架内，系统的考古、历史和特别是跨学科的研究是必要的，因为内陆港口网络连接了运输和经济的海上区域，这具有特殊的意义。通过对欧洲主要交通走廊的比较研究，我们考察了这一系统及其个体特征。我们的目的是分析水陆交汇处的交通基础设施对乘客和货物运输的意义。法兰克国王和德意志国王的行程评价形成了一个超区域的联系；这些国王大量使用港口网络。在项目的第一阶段，对8至10世纪的行程的分析证明了几乎每一位国王都使用了许多水道和港口。在项目的第二阶段，中世纪的旅游路线将紧随其后。为了启发港口在货物运输中的作用，本文分析了中世纪早期庄园的作用。与以前的研究相反，当时有大量的庄园使用水道。在项目第二阶段，我们将对莱茵河和多瑙河的早期和中世纪高水费进行比较分析，其中包含有关港口组织和结构形状以及货物运输的进一步信息。所有关于中世纪早期和鼎盛时期的港口、船舶航行和水费的历史和考古证据将被收集在一个跨学科的目录中。与罗马内陆港口一起，大西洋、北海和波罗的海、地中海和黑海之间的长期数据集能够对SPP的跨学科问题进行比较和历时分析。目录工作将在第二个项目阶段继续进行，并通过国际研究合作的方式补充法国的主要水系统。摩泽尔河和Saône以及Doubs的源头将被重点关注，以调查南北之间这个中心界面的港口网络的变化。在项目的第一个阶段，在Main和Franconian Saale进行的两项微观研究启发了港口在当地定居结构、经济系统和河流景观中的整合。有可能纠正以前的港口重建并确定潜在的登陆点。港口建设的各个方面及其在古代和中世纪之间的使用将在项目第二阶段通过对雷根斯堡、法兰克福（美因）和施派尔挖掘的港口的分析来回答。这些主要港口城市的新考古特征是独特的港口结构，其中包括中世纪的高码头墙和广泛的中世纪早期木石建筑，为港口研究带来了非凡的成果。

Inland harbours have long been a neglected perspective of medieval European transport history. A systematic archaeological, historical and especially interdisciplinary research is a desideratum - in the framework of the SPP, this is of a special significance as the network of inland harbours connects the maritime zones of transport and economy. With comparative studies of main corridors of transport in Europe we examine this system and its individual characteristics. Our aim is to analyze the transport infrastructure at the intersection of land and water in its significance for the transport of passengers and goods. The evaluation of the itinerary of Frankish an German Kings forms a supra-regional link; these kings intensively used the network of harbours. In the first phase of the project the analysis of the 8th to 10th century itinerary proved the use of many watercourses and harbours for almost every king. In the second phase of the project the high medieval itineraries will follow. To enlighten the role of harbours for the transport of goods, early medieval manorial roles have been analyzed. Contrary to older state of research there was an intensive manorial use of waterways. In project phase 2 we will carry out a comparative analysis of early and high medieval water tolls on Rhine and Danube, which contain further information on organization and structural shape of harbours as well as transport of goods. All historical and archaeological evidence for harbours, voyages by ship and water tolls in the early and high medieval period will be collected in an interdisciplinary catalog. Together with Roman inland harbours a long-term-dataset between Atlantic, North and Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea enables comparative and diachronic analysis of interdisciplinary issues of the SPP. The work on the catalog will be continued in the second project phase and complemented by the main water systems in France by means of international research collaboration. The headwaters of the Moselle and Saône as well as the Doubs will be focused in order to investigate the change of the network of harbours at this central interface between North and South. In the first project phase two micro studies at Main and Franconian Saale enlightened the integration of harbours in local settlement structures, economic systems and fluvial landscapes. It was possible to correct previous harbour reconstructions and locate potential landing sites. Various aspects of the construction of harbours and their usage between Antiquity and the Middle Ages will be answered in project phase 2 by the analysis of excavated harbours in Regensburg, Frankfurt (Main) and Speyer. The new archaeological features in these major port cities with exceptional harbour structures - among them high medieval quay walls and extensive early medieval wood and stone architecture - promise extraordinary results for the research of harbours.