Physics and Phenomenology of Galactic Winds

恒星，就像我们的太阳一样，产生非常热的粒子风，填满了恒星之间的空间。粒子风也是在恒星形成的气体云中产生的，尤其是在超新星爆炸期间产生的强风。研究人员将研究几种星系中不同星系风来源的物理、演化、动力学和含义，从恒星形成的矮小星系到超明亮的恒星爆发星系。拟议中的工作的很大一部分将由研究生完成，提供前沿研究方面的培训。结果将通过发表在同行评议的期刊、会议记录和媒体上广泛传播。此外，调查人员还提出了一个针对老年人的教育和推广部分，这是一个重要的、不断增长的、但传统上服务严重不足的群体。调查人员将提供将广泛影响科学界的成果。他们将直接评估新物理学对星系风结构的重要性，这是当前和未来多维模拟的基本物理学的重要指南。他们将在与时间相关的模拟中分离出重要的物理效应，这可能会提供关键部分，使建模人员能够理解他们的计算。最后，它们将提供一个工具，将基本理论与观测联系起来，反之亦然。总体而言，这项提议以两种方式服务于社区-第一，通过探索新开辟的发现空间，第二，通过为那些可以立即使用结果的人绘制这些空间的地图。研究人员的目标是同时解决星系风的物理学和现象学问题，将理论和观测联系起来。他们将对参数空间进行广泛的扫描，并对单个系统进行重点研究。在他们将从事的项目中，他们将(1)计算热流出的冷云的冲压加速，(2)了解富含金属的热风辐射冷却并在原地产生冷云的能力，(3)评估可能带有冷云的热流与周围星系介质的相互作用，以努力解释最近的观测结果，(4)通过动量沉积计算云的加速，包括单个星系和大范围调查的理论和数据的比较，(5)了解湍流中动量沉积的相互作用，(6)双流体粉尘+气体辐射流体动力学计算。

The stars, like our Sun, generate winds of very hot particles that fill the space between stars. Particle winds are also created in clouds of gas where stars form, and especially strong winds occur during supernovae explosions. The investigators will study the physics, evolution, dynamics, and implications of the different sources of galactic winds in several types of galaxies, from star-forming dwarf galaxies to ultra-luminous starburst galaxies.A significant part of the proposed work will be carried out by graduate students, providing training in cutting-edge research. Results will be broadly disseminated by publication in peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and by the press. In addition, the investigators propose an education and outreach component that targets senior citizens, an important and growing, yet traditionally significantly under-served group.The investigators will provide deliverables that will broadly impact the scientific community. They will directly evaluate the importance of new physics for the structure of galactic winds, an important guide to the essential physics for current and future multi-dimensional simulations. They will isolate important physical effects in time-dependent simulations that may provide the key pieces to allow modelers to understand their calculations. Finally, they will provide a tool for connecting the underlying theory to observations and vice versa. Overall, this proposal serves to community in two ways --- first, by exploring newly opened up discovery spaces and second, by mapping these spaces for those who can use the results immediately. The investigators' goal is to simultaneously address the physics and phenomenology of galactic winds, connecting theory and observation. They will do both broad sweeps through parameter space, and focused studies of individual systems. Among the projects they will pursue, they will (1) calculate the ram pressure acceleration of cool clouds by hot outflows, (2) understand the ability of hot metal-rich winds to cool radiatively, producing cool clouds in situ, (3) assess the interaction of a hot flow, potentially loaded with cool clouds, with the surrounding circumgalactic medium in an effort to explain recent observations, (4) calculate the acceleration of clouds by momentum deposition, including a comparison of theory and data for individual galaxies and large surveys, (5) understand the interaction of momentum deposition in turbulence, and (6) calculate the dynamics of two-fluid dust+gas radiation hydrodynamical flows.