Individual Differences in Holistic Processing

识别和区分人脸和物体是人类的一项关键能力，特别是对于需要高度专业化视觉技能的工作，如法医，医学成像和国土安全。最近的研究表明，人们的感知能力存在巨大的个体差异，包括识别人脸和非人脸物体的能力。然而，人们不善于预测自己相对于他人的感知能力，因此很难利用这种可变性。本研究以心理测量学的方法探讨知觉能力的个体差异。从理论的角度来看，研究这些个体差异提供了一个新的途径来理解视觉感知的机制。实际上，这些工具可以识别出最有能力从事需要特定视觉技能的工作的人，如行李检查，卫星图像分析和放射学。在高层次视觉中创建和验证可靠的心理测量工具对基础和应用科学、教育和工业都很有用。有些工作每天需要做出数百个感性决策，有些组织则依赖于将许多人的感性决策结合起来。预测人与人之间即使是很小的差异的能力可以最终提高准确性，提高效率，降低成本。这个项目的重点是整体处理，与人脸识别相关的视觉策略，但也与其他专家感知的例子。该项目将扩展最近的努力，通过创建和测试措施，使研究人员能够解决有关个体差异的问题，在整体处理的整体加工的个体差异。然后，该项目将探讨整体加工的结构效度，使用这些措施来解决几个问题：整体面孔加工与领域一般能力？整体加工与人脸识别能力有什么关系？这些关系是如何通过考试中可能发生的学习来调节的？最后，实验将集中在收购的整体处理过程中的领域一般和特定领域的因素之间的相互作用，询问整体处理是否跨域相关，并作为一个功能的培训经验。这是一个桥梁的实验工作的机制收购的整体处理和个体差异的方法。这些研究将有助于确定是否有一个或几个可能的原因，整体加工效果，以及如何选择一种训练方法的基础上，基本的认知措施，以实现给定的培训结果。因此，这个项目将结合联合收割机相关性和实验方法，以建立整体处理的有效性，并阐明其在关系网络中的作用，它的运作。

Recognizing and discriminating among faces and objects is a critical human ability, particularly for jobs that require highly specialized visual skills such as in forensics, medical imaging, and homeland security. Recent research suggests that there is vast individual variability among people in their perceptual abilities, including the ability to recognize faces and non-face objects. However, people are poor at predicting their perceptual abilities relative to others, making it difficult to capitalize on this variability. This project applies a psychometric approach to the study of individual differences in perceptual abilities. From a theoretical perspective, studying these individual differences provides a new avenue for understanding mechanisms underlying visual perception. Practically speaking, these tools can identify individuals with the greatest aptitude for work that demands specific visual skills, such as baggage screening, satellite imagery analysis, and radiology. Creating and validating reliable psychometric tools in high-level vision can be useful to basic and applied science, education, and industry. Some jobs require hundreds of perceptual decisions each day, and some organizations rely on combining perceptual decisions from many individuals. The ability to predict even a small amount of variance between people could culminate in improved accuracy, increased efficiency, and decreased cost.This project focuses on holistic processing, a visual strategy associated with face recognition, but also with other examples of expert perception. This project will exend recent efforts to measure individual differences in holistic processing by creating and testing measures that will enable the researchers to address questions about individual differences in holistic processing in a reliable manner. The project will then explore the construct validity of holistic processing using these measures to address several questions: Is holistic face processing related to domain-general abilities? How is holistic processing related to face recognition ability? How are these relationships mediated by learning that may occur within a test? Finally, experiments will focus on the interplay between domain-general and domain-specific factors during the acquisition of holistic processing, asking whether holistic processing correlates across domains, and as a function of training experiences. This represents a bridge between experimental work on the mechanisms of acquisition of holistic processing and an individual differences approach. These studies will help determine whether there is one or several possible causes of holistic processing effects, and how to choose a training method on the basis of basic cognitive measures to achieve a given training outcome. Thus, this project will combine correlational and experimental methods to establish the validity of holistic processing and elucidate its role in the network of relationships within which it operates.