Innovations in Bright Beam Science

加速器发明于20世纪30年代，目的是提供高能粒子来研究原子核的结构。自从加速器发明以来，越来越多的加速器应用于科学发现和造福社会。目前约有30 000个加速器用于诊断和治疗疾病，改进制造工艺(电子产品的离子注入；表面和材料硬化；焊接和切割；处理废物和医疗材料)，并解决能源、环境和安全问题(生物燃料生产和石油和天然气勘探；净化热电厂的废气；检查货物和改进对禁止核试验遵守情况的监测)。如果通过理解支配光束强度的基本问题，可以产生更明亮(强度更强)的光束，那么明天的加速器有望带来更大的机遇。这将需要在加速器科学方面取得突破，并将其转化为对国家健康、财富和安全的应用。有了这个奖项，芝加哥大学的“明亮光束科学创新”团队将解决在实现更明亮光束方面的一些挑战。(I)将进行一项研究，以了解通过氮掺杂大幅提高超导射频腔品质因数的科学依据。这可能会降低资本和运营成本。(2)将对具有高度非线性部件的加速器进行原理验证实验。这可能导致对困扰强流光束的不稳定性的显著抑制。(Iii)将开发产生强X射线的新机制，这是研究材料原子和分子排列不可缺少的工具。

Accelerators were invented in the 1930s to provide high-energy particles to investigate the structure of the atomic nucleus. Since their invention, there has been a growing list of applications of accelerators both for scientific discoveries and for the benefits of the society. Approximately 30,000 accelerators are currently used to diagnose and treat diseases, to improve manufacturing processes (ion implantation for electronics; hardening surfaces and materials; welding and cutting; and treating waste and medical material), and to address energy, environment and security issues (biofuel production and oil and gas exploration; cleaning flue gases of thermal power plants; and inspecting cargo and improving the monitoring of nuclear test ban compliance). If much brighter (much more intense) beams can be produced via understanding the fundamental issues that govern beam intensity, the accelerators of tomorrow promise greater opportunities. This would require breakthroughs in accelerator science and their translation into applications for the nation's health, wealth and security. With this award, some of the challenges in achieving much brighter beams will be tackled by the "Innovations in bright beam science" team at the University of Chicago. (i) A study will be undertaken to understand the science that underlies dramatic improvements in the quality factor of superconducting, radio-frequency cavities via nitrogen doping. This could reduce capital and operational costs. (ii) A proof-of-principle experiment for accelerators with highly non-linear components will be performed. This could lead to a significant suppression of the instabilities that have plagued intense beams. (iii) New mechanisms will be developed to produce intense X-rays, an indispensable tool for studying the atomic and molecular arrangement of materials.