Standard: The Social Responsibilities of Scientists and Engineers: Developing a Global Survey

在过去的四十年里，相当多的专业和公众的注意力和资源都致力于研究研究人员的范围、内容和界限。专业责任。在美国，立法已经颁布，州和联邦法规已经实施，研究机构已经制定了关于研究行为的政策，专业协会已经采用了道德/行为准则，以构成良好和道德的研究实践。此外,?研究诚信，？在同一时间段内显著增长，资金可通过世界各地的公共和私人来源获得。因此，在进行研究时收集了大量的数据。如果一个人回顾这些学术和数据，就有可能深入了解研究人员和其他人是如何看待研究事业的，研究的组织和支持是如何促进或损害责任文化的，影响研究行为的因素，等等。压倒性的证据表明，当涉及到科学家？和工程师吗?专业责任，一直不缺乏关注和活动，这已经建立了一个关于影响与研究实践有关的责任文化的因素的实质性知识基础。然而，就科学家和工程师的社会责任而言，情况并非如此。科学界内外对这些责任的性质——它们是什么、如何实施、对谁负有责任以及在什么情况下负有责任——没有达成共识。然而，要求科学家和工程师接受并履行这种责任的呼声在科学和工程领域内外都很普遍。该项目将导致设计、预测试和随后的实地调查，这将是迄今为止全球最全面的努力，以产生数据，促进科学政策、科学和技术研究以及科学和技术的历史和哲学领域的知识和理解。调查产生的数据及其分析预计将作出以下贡献：1)影响正在进行的关于科学家和工程师在社会中的作用和责任的国家和国际对话；2)帮助澄清公众对科学和工程的期望，并为评估对科学和创新实施监督的选择提供信息；3)加强科学家和工程师之间关于构成其社会责任基础的规范力量的讨论；4)为考虑有关这些责任的性质和范围的具体建议提供一个主要的数据点（可能导致将这些责任编入道德/行为守则和其他相关的原则和/或实践声明）；指出将社会责任考虑纳入科学家和工程师的教育和培训的方法。

During the past four decades, a considerable amount of professional and public attention and resources have been dedicated to examining the scope, content and boundaries of researchers? professional responsibilities. In the U.S., legislation has been enacted, state and federal regulations have been implemented, research institutions have established policies on the conduct of research, and professional societies have adopted codes of ethics/conduct on what constitutes good and ethical research practices. Moreover, ?research on research integrity,? has grown significantly during this same time frame, with funding available through public and private sources worldwide. As a result, there is a vast amount of data collected on the conduct of research. If one reviews that scholarship and data, it is possible to gain insight into how researchers and others view the research enterprise, how the organization and support of research contributes to or detracts from a culture of responsibility, the factors that influence research behavior, and much more. The overwhelming evidence is that when it comes to scientists? and engineers? professional responsibilities, there has been no shortage of attention and activity, and this has built a substantial knowledge base about the factors affecting a culture of responsibility related to research practices. The same cannot be said, however, with regard to the social responsibilities of scientists and engineers. There is no consensus inside or outside the scientific community on the nature of such responsibilities - what they are, how they can be operationalized, to whom they are owed, and in what circumstances. Yet, calls for scientists and engineers to accept and fulfill such responsibility are widespread, both from within and outside science and engineering. This project will result in the design, pre-test and subsequent fielding of a rigorous and robust international survey that will be the most globally comprehensive effort to date to generate data that will advance knowledge and understanding in the fields of science policy, science and technology studies, and the history and philosophy of science and technology. The data generated by the survey and its analysis are expected to make the following contributions: 1) influence ongoing national and international conversations about the roles and responsibilities of scientists and engineers in society; 2) help clarify public expectations about science and engineering and inform the evaluation of options for exercising oversight of science and innovation; 3) enhance discussions among scientists and engineers about the normative forces that underlie their social responsibilities; 4) provide a major data point for considering specific recommendations on the nature and scope of those responsibilities (leading, perhaps, to their codification in codes of ethics/conduct and other relevant statements of principle and/or practice); 5) point to ways that consideration of social responsibilities might be integrated into the education and training of scientists and engineers.