CPS: TTP Option: Synergy: Collaborative Research: Hardening Network Infrastructures for Fast, Resilient and Cost-Optimal Wide-Area Control of Power Systems

采用相量测量单元（pmu）的广域测量系统技术已被认为是保证下一代电力系统稳定性、可靠性、状态估计和控制的关键。然而，随着pmu数量呈指数级增长，以及由此产生的数据量爆炸式增长，高效广域通信和计算基础设施的设计和部署正在成为电力系统和IT社区面临的最大挑战之一。NSF CPS项目的目标是解决这一挑战，并构建一个大规模可部署的网络物理架构，用于快速、有弹性和成本最优的广域控制（FRESCO）。FRESCO电网将包括一套最优控制算法，用于抑制功率流和电压的振荡，并在具有成本效益和网络安全的分布式计算基础设施上实施，该基础设施由高速广域网连接，可动态编程和可重新配置。建设FRESCO的价值是双重的(1)如果在未来五年内确实需要实施一个能够为广域控制传输千兆PMU数据量的美国范围的通信网络，那么电力系统运营商必须清楚地认识到各种形式的延迟、数据包丢失和安全威胁如何影响这些控制回路的稳定性。(2)此外，通过参与的公用事业公司之间的联合决策过程，必须使这种广域通信在经济上可行和可持续，并测试控制如何在促进这种经济方面发挥潜在作用。目前，对于PMU数据传输协议如何导致各种延迟模式或决定经济投资的见解非常有限。FRESCO将回答所有这些问题，从小型原型网格模型到拥有数万辆公共汽车的模型。我们的最终目标是使FRESCO完全开源，以实现向实践的过渡（TTP）。我们将与罗利当地的两家软件公司，即绿色能源公司和实时创新公司合作，利用数据分发服务（DDS）技术开发可扩展的安全中间件。因此，在项目范围内，我们还希望通过新的控制和管理功能来丰富最先进的云计算和网络技术。从技术角度来看，FRESCO将回答三个主要的研究问题。首先，广域控制器是否可以与通信延迟同步共同设计，以使闭环系统具有弹性和延迟感知，而不仅仅是延迟容忍。这一点尤其重要，因为在大多数实际情况下，PMU数据必须通过共享资源传输，与其他正在进行的应用程序共享带宽，这不仅会导致传输延迟，还会导致排队和路由的显著延迟。仲裁网络控制设计的先进思想将被用来解决这个问题。我们要解决的第二个问题是成本。假设在广域控制中有几个参与者，与目前选择自私反馈控制的实践相比，每个参与者为了支持系统范围的控制目标而愿意与其他人分享网络成本，他们愿意支付多少钱？最后一个问题是关于安全性的如何开发一种科学的方法来评估风险，并减轻广域控制中的安全攻击？使用贝叶斯和马尔可夫模型、博弈论和离散事件模拟的攻击防御模式的统计和结构分析将用于解决这个问题。实验演示将使用det - wams网络进行，展示网络创新对能源基础设施可持续性的重要性。研究成果将通过期刊出版物传播，并由NCSU、MIT和USC联合举办研究生课程。

The wide-area measurement systems technology using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) has been regarded as the key to guaranteeing stability, reliability, state estimation, and control of next-generation power systems. However, with the exponentially increasing number of PMUs, and the resulting explosion in data volume, the design and deployment of an efficient wide-area communication and computing infrastructure is evolving as one of the greatest challenges to the power system and IT communities. The goal of this NSF CPS project is to address this challenge, and construct a massively deployable cyber-physical architecture for wide-area control that is fast, resilient and cost-optimal (FRESCO). The FRESCO grid will consist of a suite of optimal control algorithms for damping oscillations in power flows and voltages, implemented on top of a cost-effective and cyber-secure distributed computing infrastructure connected by high-speed wide-area networks that are dynamically programmable and reconfigurable. The value of constructing FRESCO is twofold (1) If a US-wide communication network capable of transporting gigabit volumes of PMU data for wide-area control indeed needs to be implemented over the next five years then power system operators must have a clear sense of how various forms of delays, packet losses, and security threats affect the stability of these control loops. (2) Moreover, such wide-area communication must be made economically feasible and sustainable via joint decision-making processes between participating utility companies, and testing how controls can play a potential role in facilitating such economics. Currently, there is very limited insight into how the PMU data transport protocols may lead to a variety of such delay patterns, or dictate the economic investments. FRESCO will answer all of these questions, starting from small prototypical grid models to those with tens of thousands of buses. Our eventual goal will be to make FRESCO fully open-source for Transition to Practice (TTP). We will work with two local software companies in Raleigh, namely Green Energy Corporation and Real-Time Innovations, Inc. to develop a scalable, secure middleware using Data-Distribution Service (DDS) technology. Thus, within the scope of the project, we also expect to enrich the state-of-the-art cloud computing and networking technologies with new control and management functions.From a technical perspective, FRESCO will answer three main research questions. First, can wide-area controllers be co-designed in sync with communication delays to make the closed-loop system resilient and delay-aware, rather than just delay-tolerant This is particularly important, as PMU data, in most practical scenarios, will have to be transported over a shared resource, sharing bandwidth with other ongoing applications, giving rise to not only transport delays, but also significant delays due to queuing and routing. Advanced ideas of arbitrated network control designs will be used to address this problem. The second question we address is for cost. Given that there are several participants in this wide-area control, how much is each participant willing to pay in sharing the network cost with others for the sake of supporting a system-wide control objective compared to its current practice of opting for selfish feedback control only Ideas from cooperative game theory will be used to investigate this problem. The final question addresses security how can one develop a scientific methodology to assess risks, and mitigate security attacks in wide-area control? Statistical and structural analysis of attack defense modes using Bayesian and Markov models, game theory, and discrete-event simulation will be used to address this issue. Experimental demos will be carried out using the DETER-WAMS network, showcasing the importance of cyber-innovation for the sustainability of energy infrastructures. Research results will be broadcast through journal publications, and jointly organized graduate courses between NCSU, MIT and USC.