Astrophysics and Neutrino Physics With IceCube

深埋在南极冰盖中的冰立方中微子天文台（ICNO）是世界上最大、最灵敏的高能中微子望远镜。它是一个10亿吨级的探测器，使用南极冰作为高能大气和天体物理中微子的探测介质。冰立方观测到的大多数中微子的能量都在大气中微子的预期范围内，这些中微子来自银河系附近区域的宇宙射线在大范围的空气簇射中产生的粒子衰变。这些可以用来测量中微子的基本性质。在更高的能量下，天体物理学中微子是高能宇宙的关键探测器。由于其独特的性质，中微子甚至可以逃离密集的区域，不会被银河系或银河系外的磁场偏转，并且可以不受阻碍地穿越充满光子的宇宙。因此，中微子提供了关于可能是高能宇宙射线起源的强大宇宙物体的动力学和内部的直接信息：超新星，黑洞，超新星，活动星系核和其他极端的河外现象。该奖项将资助UCB小组使用IceCube数据更好地描述这种天体物理中微子通量。他们将在比目前更高的能量下测量通量，测试高能量截止的存在。IceCube发现的天体物理中微子通量引起了各级学生和公众的极大关注，并获得了媒体的广泛关注。这个小组将教育本科生、研究生和博士后，他们被这个重要的问题所吸引。该奖项将资助针对公众和年轻学生的广泛的推广活动，通过课堂和公共演讲以及流行的写作。这个小组的研究将通过两次搜索扩展IceCube对能量谱的测量，包括向上和向下的能量。第一个将使用这些数据来更精确地测量中微子的味道比：电子，μ子和τ中微子在天体物理通量中的相对比例。第二项研究将采用能量和天顶角分布的拟合来分离常规和瞬发大气中微子和天体物理中微子。这种配合应该允许一个足够精确的测量大气π介子：K介子比约束空气簇射模型。它还将首次探测衍射中微子相互作用，并将提供部分子分布函数和高能核阴影的约束。

Embedded deep in the ice cap at the South Pole, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory (ICNO) is the world's largest and most sensitive high energy neutrino telescope. It is a 1 billion-ton detector using the Antarctic ice as a detection medium for high energy atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos. Most of the neutrinos observed by IceCube exhibit energies in the range expected for atmospheric neutrinos originating from decays of particles produced in extensive air showers by cosmic rays coming from nearby sectors of the Milky Way Galaxy. These may be used to measure the fundamental properties of neutrinos. At higher energies, astrophysical neutrinos are key probes of the high-energy universe. Because of their unique properties, neutrinos escape even dense regions, are not deflected by galactic or extra-galactic magnetic fields and traverse the photon-filled universe unhindered. Thus, neutrinos provide direct information about the dynamics and interiors of the powerful cosmic objects that may be the origins of high energy cosmic rays: supernovae, black holes, pulsars, active galactic nuclei and other extreme extragalactic phenomena. This award will fund this UCB group to use IceCube data to better characterize this astrophysical neutrino flux. They will measure the flux at higher energies than has currently been done, testing for the presence of a high energy cutoff. IceCube's discovery of an astrophysical neutrino flux has attracted great attention from students at all levels and from the general public and garnered much media attention. This group will educate undergraduate and graduate students and postdocs who are attracted to this important question. The award will fund a broad spectrum of outreach activities targeted at the general public and younger students, through classroom and public presentations and popular writing.This group's study will extend IceCube measurements of the energy spectrum both upward and downward in energy, through two searches. The first will use the data for a more accurate measurement of the neutrino flavor ratio: the relative proportion of electron, muon and tau neutrinos in the astrophysical flux. The second study will employ a fit to the energy and zenith angle distributions to separate conventional and prompt atmospheric neutrinos and astrophysical neutrinos. This fit should allow a sufficiently accurate measurement of the atmospheric pion:kaon ratio to constrain air shower models. It will also detect, for the first time, diffractive neutrino interactions, and will also provide constraints on parton distribution functions and nuclear shadowing at high energies.